Oil seed

The metal bath may bo replaced by a bath of hydrogenated cotton seed oil or of Silicone oil. 

As a general rule flasks and similar vessels should be heated in an air bath (compare Fig. II, 5, 3). A glycerol bath may be employed for temperatures up to 140° the glycerol is subsequently removed from the outside of the vessel by washing with water. Medicinal liquid paraffin may be used for temperatures up to about 220° hard hydrogenated cotton seed oil, Silicone fluids or fusible metal may be employed when higher temperatures are required. Small test-tubes and centrifuge tubes... 

ANETHOLE Up to 90+% in anise seed oil, 70+% in fennel and star anise oils, and in varying amounts in betel leaf, dill seed, carrot seed and coriander oils. 

APIOLE 23% of celery leaf oil, up to 30% in parsley leaf and seed oils, and in small amounts in cubeb, dill and fennel oils. 

DILL APIOLE Up to 60% in Indian dill seed oil and in varying amounts in other parts and other species of dill. In various small amounts in fennel and carrot seed oils. 

Enantiomers can have striking differences however m properties that depend on the arrangement of atoms m space Take for example the enantiomeric forms of carvone (R) (—) Carvone is the principal component of spearmint oil Its enantiomer (5) (+) carvone is the principal component of caraway seed oil The two enantiomers do not smell the same each has its own characteristic odor... 

Oil-free alkyds Oil from seeds Oil-in-water emulsion Oil laundering Oil length Oil mining Oil of anise Oil of bergamot Oil of eucalyptus Oil oflemon Oil of Olay Oil of Palma Christi Oil of turpentine Oil Orange Oil-pump Oil reclaiming Oil recovery... 

Fig. 1. An amplified outline scheme of the making of various wiaes, alternative products, by-products, and associated wastes (23). Ovals = raw materials, sources rectangles = wines hexagon = alternative products (decreasing wine yield) diamond = wastes. To avoid some complexities, eg, all the wine vinegar and all carbonic maceration are indicated as red. This is usual, but not necessarily tme. Similarly, malolactic fermentation is desired in some white wines. FW = finished wine and always involves clarification and stabilization, as in 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 33, 34, followed by 39, 41, 42. It may or may not include maturation (38) or botde age (40), as indicated for usual styles. Stillage and lees may be treated to recover potassium bitartrate as a by-product. Pomace may also yield red pigment, seed oil, seed tannin, and wine spidts as by-products. Sweet wines are the result of either arresting fermentation at an incomplete stage (by fortification, refrigeration, or other means of yeast inactivation) or addition of juice or concentrate.

Several other naturally occurring antioxidants have been identified in oils. Sesamol [533-31-3] (6) occurs as sesamoline [526-07-8], a glycoside, in sesame seed oil. FemUc acid [1135-24-6] (7) is found esterified to cycloartenol [469-38-5] in rice bran oil and to 3-sitosterol in com oil. Although it does not occur in oils, rosemary extract has also been found to contain powerful phenoHc antioxidants (12). 

Many seed oils, especially sunflower and linseed, contain waxes which serve as a protective coating for the seed. These waxes soHdify at colder temperatures and impart turbidity to the oil and interfere with subsequent processing. They are commonly removed from the cmde oil by refrigeration followed by filtration, a process commonly known as winterization. 

Table 14. Commercial Yields of Oilseeds and Seed Oils in the United States ...

Species Seed yield, kg/hm Average Seed oil yield Potential ... 

Vegetable and seed oils as well as some synthetic base stocks present a new class of biodegradable base stocks. These fluids (10) have excellent biodegradation properties as measured by criteria developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). OECD 301 and EPA 560/6-82-003 measure the biodegradation of lubricants. These tests were developed to measure the degradation of oil, especially two-cycle ok, on waterways. Aquatic toxicity criteria toward fish is also found to be acceptable for this class of fluids as measured by EPA 560/6-82-002 and OECD 203 1-12. 

Table 38. Comparison of Components of Authentic Coriander Seed Oil and Headspace Volatiles over Freshly Crushed Ripe Coriander Seeds ...

Country Seed Oil Meal Seed Oil Meal Seed Oil Meal Seed Oil Meal... 

Although soybeans contribute about one-half of the world production of oilseeds, they supply less than one-third of the total edible vegetable fats and oils (Table 11) because of their relatively low oil content. Nonetheless, production of soybean oil exceeds the combined production of cottonseed, peanut, and sunflower seed oils. 

Cocoa butter substitutes and equivalents differ greatly with respect to their method of manufacture, source of fats, and functionaHty they are produced by several physical and chemical processes (17,18). Cocoa butter substitutes are produced from lauric acid fats such as coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils by fractionation and hydrogenation from domestic fats such as soy, com, and cotton seed oils by selective hydrogenation or from palm kernel stearines by fractionation. Cocoa butter equivalents can be produced from palm kernel oil and other specialty fats such as shea and ilHpe by fractional crystallization from glycerol and selected fatty acids by direct chemical synthesis or from edible beef tallow by acetone crystallization. 

Cotton seed oil and solvent Oil release from 10/200 sieve product B 2,400 30... 

CHARACTERIZATION OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED OIL CULTIVATED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN... 

Hard hydrogenated cotton-seed oil (m 40-60°) or a 1 1 mixture of cotton-seed oil and castor oil containing about 1% of hydroquinone. 

Menhaden oil Neatsfoot oil Oleic acid Oleo oil Olive oil Palm oil Peanut oil Perilla oil Pine oil Rape seed oil Rosin oil Soya bean oil Sperm oil Tallow Tallow oil Tung oil Turpentine Whale oil... 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Cartliamus tinctorius oil Safflower seed oil Chemical Formula Not applicable. 

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