Fmit seeds, oils from

Fats and fatty oils). For the most part, oil is contained in the kernel or embryo of the seed, though it can also occur in the flesh of the ginkgo fmit and in the endosperm of coconut, palm, and pine nuts. Relative amounts of some fatty acids present in a few types of nuts are given in Table 5. Considerable variations in the percentages of fatty acids have also been reported in both pecan and peanut oils from a variety of sources. (Table 6). (For main physical characteristics and the composition of nut oils, see Fats and fatty oils. 

In one extractor (FMC Inc.), the fmit is located between two cups having sharp-edged metal tubes at their base. The upper cup descends and the many fingers on each cup mesh to express the juice as the tubes cut holes in the top and bottom of the fmit. On further compression, the rag, seeds, and juice sacs are compressed into the bottom tube between the two plugs of peel. A piston moves up inside the bottom tube forcing the juice through perforations in the tube wall. A simultaneous water spray washes the peel oil expressed during extraction away from the peel as an oil—water emulsion the peel oil is recovered separately from the emulsion. 

Essential oils are isolated from various plant parts, such as leaves (patchouH), fmit (mandarin), bark (cinnamon), root (ginger), grass (citroneUa), wood (amyris), heartwood (cedar), gum (myrrh oil), balsam (tolu balsam oil), berries (pimento), seeds (diU), flowers (rose), twigs and leaves (thuja oil), and buds (cloves). 

Caraway Oil. Produced by steam distiUation of the cmshed ripe seeds of Carum carvi L., caraway oil finds extensive use in food flavors, alcohoHc Hqueurs, and cheeses. The smaU herb, which grows wild in many regions of the world, is extensively cultivated in the Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, and parts of the former USSR. The Netherlands is the largest producer of the oil, which is offered commercially in two grades cmde or natural, and double-rectified or redistiUed. The former is the direct distiUate obtained from the fmits and is a pale yeUow-to-brownish mobile Hquid with a strong... 

The fmit grows in clusters on a central, branched stalk, similar to the way grapes grow, but the fmit is larger than grapes. The fmit consists of oily pulp surrounded by a tough outer skin and contains seeds (or kernels) imbedded in the pulp. Pahn fmit oil is extracted from the pulp. Palm kernel oil is extracted from the seed. 

The cmde palm fmit oil, a mixture of oil, water, and solid impurities, is clarified in a continuous decanter, or in setthng tanks, to remove the water and impurities. The cake from the screw-press consists of moist pulp solids, kernels (or seeds), and the outer skin of the fmit. The cake is sent to a pneumatic vertical column separator to separate the kernels from the fiber and cellular debris. The kernels are then conditioned by lowering their moisture level from about 16% to 10-12%. This causes the meats to shrink and pull loose from the shell. The kernels are then cracked and the meats are separated from the shells in one of two ways ... 

Physical processes (see chapter 2) for isolation of natural flavouring substances include distillation, solvent extraction (including supercritical carbon dioxide), and chromatography. Major sources are essential oils. These may be derived from various parts of aromatic plants such as fruits (e.g. citms, fennel), fmit parts (e.g. mace), flowers (e.g. safflower), flower parts (e.g. saffron), flower buds (e.g. clove), bulbs (e.g. onion), barks (e.g. cinnamon), leaves (e.g. basil), leaves and twigs (e.g. mandarin petitgrain), rhizomes (e.g. ginger), roots (e.g. angelica), and seeds (e.g. mustard). 

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