Seed oil triglycerides

Seed oil triglycerides are not new to the field of polyurethane polymers. The most common naturally hydroxylated seed oil, castor oil, has been used directly in the preparation of polyurethanes for many years. The formulations that contain castor oil benefit from improved weatherability, moisture resistance, and the low cost of castor oil, but the benefits are generally offset by some compromises in performance. 

Seed oil triglycerides consist of three fatty acids esterified to glycerin. Although most plants produce at least some Cie fatty acids, the majority of the triglycerides are comprised of Cig fatty acids. The balance of the fatty acids is quite specific to the plant from which the oil is derived, but the most prominent fatty acids among all plant species consist of a series of 18-carbon fatty acids containing zero, one, two, or three sites of unsaturation. These fatty acids are stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, respectively. These are the main fatty acids found in most seed oils and are illustrated in Fig. 5. 

Fig. 5 The most common fatty acids found in seed oil triglycerides...

The composition of seed oil triglycerides is well understood. Triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerin, and the composition depends on the source of the oil (Figure 2). The nomenclature used is standard in the fats and oils industry, with the number of carbons in the fatty acid indicated first, followed by the number of sites of unsaturation in parentheses. 

For biodiesel fuels, the basic idea is to convert natural glycerides to liquid products that have properties closer to those of diesel fuels than those of gasolines. The feedstocks for conversion to biodiesel are usually triglyceride oils from oilseeds. These oils normally contain small amounts of monoglycerides, diglycerides, and free fatty acids. Animal fats and natural non-seed-oil triglycerides are also suitable starting materials. 

ERUCIC ACID DISTRIBUTION IN BRASSICA OLERACEA SEED OIL TRIGLYCERIDES... 

Erucic acid is generally excluded from the sn-2 position of seed oil triglycerides (TAGs)of Brassicacea species. Stereospecific analyses ofBrassica juncea, B. napus, B. oleracea, B. rapa, Crambe abyssinica, Lunaria annua, Sinapis alba, and other wild Cruciferae (1-4) have not yet detected significant amounts of erucic acid in the sn-2 position. 

The fatty acid compositions of those accessions containing more than 25% erucic acid in the sn-2 position of their seed oil triglycerides are shown in Table 1. The majority of the accessions contained less than 10% erucic acid in the sn-2 position of TAGs, but seven genotypes contained more than 30% sn-2 erucic and two contained more than 50%. There was no significant correlation between the total seed oil erucic acid content and the sn-2 proportion for the total population of samples screened. The correlation coefficient was 0.59 for the seven samples containing more than 30% sn-2 erucic acid. 

Erucic Acid Distribution in Brassica oleracea Seed Oil Triglycerides. 

Gurr, M. I., Blades, J., Appleby, R. S.,Smith, C. G., Robinson, M. P., Nichols, B. W. (1974) Studies on seed oil triglycerides. Triglyceride biosynthesis and storage in whole seeds and oil bodies of Crambe abyssinica. 

MacKenzie, SL, Giblin, EM and Mazza, G (1993) Stereospecific analysis of Onosmodium hispidissimum Mack, seed oil triglycerides. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 70, 629-631. 

Mustard seed oil triglycerides Uses Defoamer in food-contact paper/paperboard Regulatory FDA21CFR 176,210 Mutton tallow. See Tallow... 

Methyl oleate Methyl palmitate Methyl rlclnoleate Metolat 285 MIPA-dodecyl-benzenesulfonate Monawet MO-70 Monawet MO-85P Montan wax Morpholine Multiwet MO-70E Multiwet MO-70R Multiwet MO-70S Multiwet MO-75E Mustard seed oil triglycerides Myrlstamlde DEA Myristic acid Naphtha, hydrotreated heavy Nonoxynol-2 Nonoxynol-4 Nonoxynol-S Nonoxynol-6 Nonoxynol-7 Nonoxynol-8 Nonox-ynol-13 Nonoxynol-14 Nonoxynol-15 Norfox MOL Norpai 12 Fluid Norpai 13 Fluid Norpai 15 Fluid Octocure 462 Ootocure 803 Octosol SLS 30K Octowet 70D Octowet 70X Octowet 75PG ... 

A number of closely related linear allenes have also been isolated from seed oils (Scheme 18.8). Examples are laballenic acid (18) [27], lamenallenic acid (19) [28] and phlomic acid (20) [29]. The hydroxy acid 21 was isolated as part of a triglyceride from the Chinese tallow tree Sapium sebiferum [30] and as its methyl ester 22 from the related species Sapium japonicum [31], which is found in Japan. 

The basis for contrast agents derived from nutrional products was Intralipid, which had been prepared from phospholipids obtained from soy bean oil and egg yolk [86]. Intralipid was chemically modified by iodination into Intraiodol, which contained 50 mgl mbThe particles formed in the emulsion were mostly taken up by the hepatocytes and to a lesser extent by the RES [87,88]. Intraiodol was better tolerated than EOE-13 or its precursor, AG 60.99. The addition of cholesterol to Intraiodol resulted in NRI 757 with an iodine concentration of 42 mg mL b Further modifications by replacing the iodinated triglycerides of Intraiodol by ethiodized poppy seed oil and reducing the cholesterol content to... 

Tobacco seed oil, a by-product of tobacco leaf production with an estimated potential production of 1 Mt yr " (it is grown in 109 countries and the oil content of the seed is about 38%), has been shown to be an appropriate substitute for diesel fuel as either triglycerides [19] or methyl esters [20]. Unfortunately, this oil may have a FFA content as high as 17% [21]. 

Ozonolysis has been applied to the oxidative functionalization of triglycerides. Papers and reviews, and a few patents, have been issued on the ozonolysis of seed oils for the production of plastics [95, 96]. Theoretically, the oxidation products that are accessible via ozonolysis of fatty acid esters are the same as those that are isolated from the photo-induced singlet oxygen cleavage of the same substrates, via Hock cleavage [28-33]. The mixture of products that come from the ozonolysis of... 

There are two sources of epoxidized triglycerides, the first is the isolation of naturally epoxidized oUs, and the other is the preparation of epoxidized triglycerides via oxidation of the more readily available unsaturated seed oils. 

Hydroformylation is the process of coupling carbon monoxide to an olefin with a reductive catalyst and hydrogen to produce an aldehyde-functionalized substrate. This coupling is typically followed by hydrogenation to produce a primary hydroxyl group. Several academic and commercial programs have participated in the development of hydroformylated triglycerides and fatty acid derivatives for use in polyurethanes. Two main processes for the hydroformylation of seed oils have been utilized. 

Gallbladder effect. Seed oil, administered orally to 11 young normocholesterolemic males at a dose of 100 g/day, was active. The subjects received 3 weeks of a low-fat diet followed by 3 weeks of a diet enriched with 100 g/daily of olive oil. Mean total cholesterol, total apolipoprotein (apo) B, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides decreased significantly after the olive oil diet. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, apo A-1, cholesterol saturation of bile, and gallbladder volumes were unchanged . 

Lipid metabolism effects. Grains, in the ration of rats at a dose of 68 g/animal daily for 3 months, were active vs rats fed tapioca. Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides were higher than animals fed tapioca. Glucose-6-phosphate levels were lower, and triglyceride lipase and lipoprotein lipase were increased over levels found in the tapioca group k Seed oil, in the ration of rats at a concentration of 10% of the diet, was active. Liver triglycerides were lower in rats fed rice brain oil than those fed peanut... 

Fractionated palm seed oil (medium-chain triglyceride)... 

Ajowan seed contains generally 8.9% moisture, 15.4% protein, 18.1% fat (ether extract), 11.9% crude fibre, 38.6% carbohydrates, 7.1% mineral matter, 1.42% calcium, 0.30% phosphorus and 14.6mg/100g iron, with a calorific value of 379.4 per 100g. The percentage of seed oil extracted with n-hex-ane is 31.80%, while that with ethanol is 28%. The neutral lipid component of the oil includes hydrocarbons, esters, sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, sterols and monoglycerides, whereas the polar lipid components are phosphatidyl ethanolamines and phosphatidyl cholines (Qasim and Khan, 2001). 

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