Rosemary, extracts

Rosemary extract Rosemary oil [8000-25-7] Rosenmund reduction Rose oil... 

Several other naturally occurring antioxidants have been identified in oils. Sesamol [533-31-3] (6) occurs as sesamoline [526-07-8], a glycoside, in sesame seed oil. FemUc acid [1135-24-6] (7) is found esterified to cycloartenol [469-38-5] in rice bran oil and to 3-sitosterol in com oil. Although it does not occur in oils, rosemary extract has also been found to contain powerful phenoHc antioxidants (12). 

The most popular natural antioxidants on the market are rosemary extracts and tocopherols. Natural antioxidants have several drawbacks which limit use. Tocopherols are not as effective ia vegetable fats and oils as they are ia animal fats. Herb extracts often impart undesirable colors or flavors ia the products where used. In addition, natural antioxidants cost considerably more than synthetic ones. Despite this, the pubHc s uncertainty of the safety of synthetic antioxidants continues to fuel the demand for natural ones (21). 

TROJAKOVA L, REBLOVA z and poKORNY J (2000) Degradation of tocopherols in rapeseed oil with rosemary extract under different conditions , Czech J Food Sci, 18 (Spec) 175-6. 

Spices Rosemary (1000 ppm of extract with 0.92 mmol/g total phenols) Rosemary (200 ppm of extract with 0.92 mmol/g total phenol) Dried chicken meat for soup powder (up to 1000 ppm is acceptable sensorically) Potato flakes for mashed potatoes (up to 200 ppm is acceptable sensorically) Rosemary extract gave better protection than extracts of tea, grape skin or coffee Rosemary extract gave better protection than extracts of green tea, grape skin or coffee Nissen et al., 2000 Nissen et al., 2002... 

CHEN z-Y, WANG L Y, CHAN p T, ZHANG z, CHUNG H Y and LIANG c (1998) Antioxidative activity of green tea catechin extract compared with that of rosemary extract, JAOCS, 75 (9), 1141-5. 

Dynamic extractions of the organic flavonr and fragrance componnds from dried lavender flowers and rosemary leaves nsing SCCO2 were carried ont. The data from the lavender and rosemary extractions were fitted to a model to prodnce the characteristic extraction cnrve. Using data obtained from rosemary extractions, an extrapolation method derived from the model was used with data from shorter extractions to show that the model provided qnantitative analytical information (Walker et al., 1994). 

Plouzek CA, Ciolino HP, Clarke R, Yeh GC. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity and reversal of multidrug resistance in vitro by rosemary extract. Eur J Cancer 1999 35 1541-1545. 

Fig. 9.6-11 demonstrates the stability of lard stabilized with C02-rosemary extracts, expressed as the Peroxide Number (POZ), compared to BHA (Butylhydroxyanisole), and pure lard, as a blank test value. 

Frankel, E.N., Huang, S.W., Aeschbach, R., and Prior, E. 1996 Antioxidant activity of a rosemary extract and its constituents, carnosic acid, carnosol and rosmaric acid in bulk oil and oil-in-water emulsion. J. Agric. Food Chem. 44 131 -136. 

Figure 2. Shows the antioxidant activity of different rosemary extracts in comparison with Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA). Although only 150 ppm of rosemary extract was used to stabilize lard, the antioxidant activity was higher compared to BHA.

The rosemary extracts were collected as separate samples succesively in time. Each of them was analysed separatively and the results are listed in Table 4. The concentrations of a-pinene, champhene, p-cimene and limonene decreased with extraction time, while that of the oxygeneted derivatives (cineol, linalool, camphor, bomeol and verbenon) increased significantly. 

Bhale, S.D. Xu, Z. Prinyawiwatkul, W. King, J.M. Godber, J.S. 2007. Oregano and rosemary extracts inhibit oxidation of long chain n-3 fatty acids in menhaden oil. J. Food Sci. 72 C504-C508. 

Extensive studies (139, 140) on rosemary extracts containing carnosol, camosic acid, and rosmarinic acid have shown that the activities of these natural antioxidants are system-dependent and that their effectiveness in different food systems is difficult to predict. In bulk vegetable oils (corn, soybean and peanut) and fish oils, carnosol and camosic acid are effective antioxidants. It has been hypothesized that this... 

In native state, proteins exist as either fibrous or globular form. Protein should be denatured and unfolded to produce an extended chain structure to form film. Extended protein chains can interact through hydrogen, ionic, and hydrophobic bonds to form a three-dimensional stmcture (24). Protein films are excellent gas barriers but poor moisture barriers because of their hydrophilic nature. Mechanical properties and gas permeability depend on the relative humidity (1). Al-ameri (25) smdied the antioxidant and mechanical properties of soy, whey and wheat protein, and carrageenan and carboxymethyl cellulose films with incorporated tertiary-butylhy-droquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), fenugreek, and rosemary extracts. Armitage et al. (26) studied egg albumin film as a carrier of natural antioxidants to reduce lipid oxidation in cooked and uncooked poultry. 

Effect of Rosemary Extracts on the Oxidative Stability of Meat Products Measured by the Inhibition of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS)... 

The formation of plaques by Herpes simplex virus Type 2 in embryonic fibroblasts was dose-dependently inhibited by a rosemary extract (2-100 pg/ml). The antiviral activity was further tested in four fractions of the ethanol extract and was found in the hexane fraction (Romero et al., 1989). 

Rosemary extract at 1% in the diet decreased the DMBA-induced mammary tumors incidence in female Sprague-Dawley rats by 47% (Singletary and Nelshoppen, 1991). 

Supplementation of diets for 2 weeks with rosemary extract (0.5%) but not camosol (1.0%) or ursolic acid (0.5%) resulted in a significant decrease in the in vivo formation of rat mammary DMBA-DNA adducts compared to the control. When injected intraperitoneally for 5 days at 200 mg/kg body wt rosemary and camosol, but not ursolic acid, significantly inhibited mammary adduct formation and were associated with a significant decrease of 74 and 65%, in the number of DMBA-induced mammary adenocarcinomas per rat (Singletary et al 1996). 

Similar effects were found in animal models. Female rats fed rosemary extracts at concentrations from 0.25% to 1.0% showed a 3- to 4.5-fold increase in liver GST... 

Figure 6.4 shows a chromatogram for a methanol extract from rosemary extract using UV detection (230 nm spectrophotometer HP 1100, Hewlett-Packard, Hald-bronn, Germany). The specifications for the column were Hypersil ODS-5 pm Saule (250 x 4 mm, Knauer, Berlin, Germany). The eluents consisted of water/acetonitril... 

FIGURE 6.4 HPLC chromatogram of phenolic diterpenes in commercial rosemary extracts (ISO isorosmanol ROS rosmanol CAR camosic acid CA camosol DMIR dimethyl -isorosmanol and MCA 12-O-methylcamosic acid). 

Babu, U.S., Wiesenfeld, P.L. and Jenkins, M.Y. 1999. Effect of dietary rosemary extract on cell-mediated immunity of young rats. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 53 169-74. 

Offord, E.A., Mace, K., Avanti, O. and Pfeifer, A.M. 1997. Mechanisms involved in the chemoprotective effects of rosemary extract studied in human liver and bronchial cells. Cancer Fett. 114 275-281. 

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