Oil seeds production

Food and luxury goods industry (e.g., extraction of vegetable fat and oil from oil seeds, production of hops and spices extracts, extraction of caffeine from coffee beans and nicotine from tobacco, by using hygienically safe supercritical gases as the solvent, such as carbon dioxide)... 

Figure 10.2 Block diagram of oil seed production and lecithin recovery.

Weiss, 1993), representing an alternative for a high-LA oil seed production in climate conditions from the Canadian Prairies and northern Europe. Further improvement of low-ALA flax varieties include enhancing the feeding quality of the meal and reducing saturated fatty acid content. 

Fig. 1. An amplified outline scheme of the making of various wiaes, alternative products, by-products, and associated wastes (23). Ovals = raw materials, sources rectangles = wines hexagon = alternative products (decreasing wine yield) diamond = wastes. To avoid some complexities, eg, all the wine vinegar and all carbonic maceration are indicated as red. This is usual, but not necessarily tme. Similarly, malolactic fermentation is desired in some white wines. FW = finished wine and always involves clarification and stabilization, as in 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 33, 34, followed by 39, 41, 42. It may or may not include maturation (38) or botde age (40), as indicated for usual styles. Stillage and lees may be treated to recover potassium bitartrate as a by-product. Pomace may also yield red pigment, seed oil, seed tannin, and wine spidts as by-products. Sweet wines are the result of either arresting fermentation at an incomplete stage (by fortification, refrigeration, or other means of yeast inactivation) or addition of juice or concentrate.

Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein. To modify functional properties, vegetable proteins such as those derived from soybean and other oil seeds can be hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes to yield hydrolyzed vegetable proteins (HVP). Hydrolysis of peptide bonds by acids or proteolytic enzymes yields lower molecular weight products useful as food flavorings. However, the protein functionaHties of these hydrolysates may be reduced over those of untreated protein. 

A wide number of proteia sources are available for use ia dairy substitutes. These iaclude animal proteias, ie, skim milk ia Hquid, coadeased, or dry form (filled products) caseia, caseiaates, and coprecipitates whey proteias oil-seed proteias, fish proteias and blood proteias. Oil-seed proteia sources iaclude soybean proteia coaceatrates and isolates, groundnut proteia, cottoaseed proteia, and sunflower seed, rapeseed, coconut, and sesame seed proteias (see Soybeans AND other oil seed). Other sources are leaf and single-cell proteias (see Foods, nonconventional). Of these proteia sources, milk and soybean proteias are most widely used. Proteia usage is based oa economics, flavor, fuactioaahty, and availabiUty. 

Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LR-NMR) systems are routinely used for food quality assurance in laboratory settings [25]. NMR based techniques are standardized and approved by the American Oil Chemist s Society (AOCS) (AOCSd 16b-93, AOCS AK 4-95), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (solid fat content, IUPAC Norm 2.150) and the International Standards Organization (ISO) (oil seeds, ISO Dis/10565, ISO CD 10632). In addition to these standardized tests, low resolution NMR is used to measure moisture content, oil content and the state (solid or liquid) of fats in food. Table 4.7.1 summarizes common food products that are analyzed by low-resolution NMR for component concentration. 

Diclofop-methyl is an early post-emergence herbicide applied to cereals, oil seeds and a variety of other crops for the control of annual grasses. Both Diclofop-methyl and its hydrolysis product, diclofop, are herbicidal [200] therefore, analysis for Diclofop-methyl in soil includes the determination of both chemicals. 

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) production is based on transesterification of vegetable oils and fats through the addition of methanol (or other alcohols) and a catalyst, giving glycerol as a by-product (which can be used for cosmetics, medicines and food). Oil-seed crops include rapeseeds, sunflower seeds, soy beans and palm oil seeds, from which the oil is extracted chemically or mechanically. Biodiesel can be used in 5%-20% blends with conventional diesel, or even in pure form, which requires slight modifications in the vehicle. 

In their raw, natural state, these oils exist in the form of a triglyceride or fat. In order to derive the useful oil from the raw material, the triglyceride must be separated from protein bodies and sterols also present within the oil seed. To illustrate this process, soybean oil production will be briefly described. 

Defatted Sunflower Seed Product % Protein % Oil Emulsified... 

The most common source of aflatoxins is moldy food, particularly nuts, some cereal grains, and oil seeds. The most notorious of the aflatoxins is aflatoxin B1( for which the structural formula is shown in Figure 19.1. Produced by Aspergillus niger, it is a potent liver toxin and liver carcinogen in some species. It is metabolized in the liver to an epoxide (see Section 7.3). The product is electrophilic with a strong tendency to bond covalently to protein, DNA, and RNA. Other common aflatoxins produced by molds are those designated by the letters B2, G1( G2, and M,. 

Oil plant Area harvested (million hectares) Seed production (million tonnes) Typical oil content (%)... 

The main products from fennel are the green or dried herb, dried fruit or fennel seed, herb and seed oils. The products are elaborated upon below. 

The year before, some twenty firms using hempseed oil in products such as soap, paint and linoleum had imported more than 30,000 tons of seeds, which became contraband under the new law because they could be used to grow plants. The only exception allowed was for sterilized seed for the birdseed industry, then producing four million pounds annually. Industry lobbyists maintained that birds deprived of Cannabis seeds would not sing. 

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