Oil seed crops

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) production is based on transesterification of vegetable oils and fats through the addition of methanol (or other alcohols) and a catalyst, giving glycerol as a by-product (which can be used for cosmetics, medicines and food). Oil-seed crops include rapeseeds, sunflower seeds, soy beans and palm oil seeds, from which the oil is extracted chemically or mechanically. Biodiesel can be used in 5%-20% blends with conventional diesel, or even in pure form, which requires slight modifications in the vehicle. 

Francis, C. M. and Campbell, M. C. (2003). New high quality oil seed crops for temperate and tropical Australia. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Barton, Australia, http //www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/NPP/03-045sum.html. 

Robbelen, G. (1990) Mutation breeding for quality improvement—a case study for oil seed crops. Mutation Breeding Rev., No. 6., Joint FAO/IAEA division of nuclear techniques in food and agriculture, pp. 1—44. 

Keeping in view the importance of this enzyme in S metabolism. Mo is likely to be important for oil-seed crops. 

Kumar A, Sharma S (2008) An evaluation of multipurpose oil seed crop for industrial uses (Jatropha curcas L.) a review. Ind Crop Prod 28 1-10 Kumar V, Rani A, Tindwani C, Jain M (2003) Lipoxygenase isozymes and trypsin inhibitor activities in soybean as influenced by growing location. Food Chem 83 79-83 Kunioka M, Kawaguchi Y, Doi Y (1989) Production of biodegradable copolyesters of 3-hydroxy-butyrate and 4-hydroxybutyrate by Alcaligenes eutrophus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 30 56-573... 

Composition and Uses. Soybeans are distinguished from other oil crops in that they only yield approximately 21% oil but 40-50% protein. Because of the high content in proteins soybeans historically have been a protein rather than an oil seed crop. The market for soybean products is largely driven by soy meal applications, more particularly by the food and the livestock feed industries (Figures 9.1.15 and 9.1.16). The majority of soy protein is a... 

Industrial branches generating the major shares of this waste are the agro-industry, the wood-processing industry and the paper industry. Regarding the non-wood lignocellulosic biomass only, the amount produced annually is about 2.5 x 10 tons. An estimation done by the FAO indicates that about 7x10 tons of different crops such as pulse crops, oil seed crops plantation crops are produced annually worldwide (Rajaram and Vetma 1990). As an example, the yearly cultivation of 6 x 10 tons of palm biomass generates a waste stream that contains about 90% of the entire palm plant. It consists of anpty fruit bunches, fibres, POME, etc. (Kumar et al. 2008). 

A. Kumar and S. Sharma, An evaluation of multipurpose oil seed crop for industrial uses (Jatropha curcas L.) A review , Ind Crops Prod, 2008,28,1-10. 

The plant (false saffron, dyers saffron) has been grown since antiquity as an oil seed crop and for its flowers from which the dye (carthamin and safflower yellow) is produced. The plant is a spiny erect herb resembling the thistle (30-100 cm high). There are two distinct varieties, one very spiny, the other moderate or spineless. The seeds resemble sunflower seed but are approximately half the size oil content is 36-43% when dehulled. The hull can form a large proportion of the seed (35-65%). The higher-oil-containing... 

FIGURE 1.5 Development of the worldwide production of the major oil seed crops over the last 50 years normalized against the increase of the human population and compared to the development of cereals. Data taken from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (www.fao.org). 

Our knowledge of lipolytic enzymes in plants is meager. This is surprising, perhaps, when the commercial importance of seed oils and other plant lipids is considered. In addition to the obvious importance of lipid metabolism in oil seed crops, the involvement of storage and membrane lipids in plant biochemistry and its applications should be backed by a much better understanding of lipid catabolism. The surface lipids of all plants have been almost totally neglected in this respect until the recent developments described by Kolattukudy (this volume. Chapter 18). 

Canvin, D. 1965. The effect of temperature on the oil content and fatty acid composition of the oils of several oil seed crops. Canadian Journal of Experimental Botany 43 63-69. 

Our results indicate that the engineering of oil seed crops to produce specialty oils containing GLA and/or OTA can be rapidly achieved. We are currently optimizing the expression of the borage gene in seeds of transgenic plants. 

Caryocar orinocense has been extensively investigated for development as an oil seed crop. The oil is distinguished by a composition very similar to that of sunflower seed oil, with more than 70% linoleic acid. The oil should find a ready market as a salad oil and a component of polyunsaturated margarines. 

Venegas-caleron, M. Sayanova, O, Napier, J. A an alternative to fish oils metabolic engineering of oil-seed crops to produce omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2010, 49 108-119. 

In the triglyceride, the carbon chains represented by RS R and R may be identical but usually they are not. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are found in the triglycerides. The saturated acids [CH3(CH2)n COOH] all contain an even number of carbon atoms, n usually being between 4 and 24. Palmitic acid (n = 14) is the most common saturated fatty acid of seed oils some others are caproic (n = 4), caprylic (n = 6) capric (n = 8) lauric (n=10) and myristic acid (n=12) all of which occur in the Palmae, and arachidic (n= 18), behenic (n = 20) and lignoceric acid (n = 22), present in some leguminous seeds. The predominant fatty acids are, however, the unsaturated ones and two of these —oleic and linoleic—are estimated to account for over 60% by weight of all the oils in oil-seed crops. With only a few exceptions, the unsaturated... 

Triacylglycerols I (cf. Fig. 1) of traditional oil seed crops contain a limited number of different fatty acids eight of these common fatty acids contribute more than 97% of the world production of edible vegetable oils [5]. Fatty acids such as palmitic and stearic acids are formed by fatty acid synthase in the plastids of plant cells. 

Some of these unusual fatty acids, such as those of seed oils of castor bean, rape seed, coconut and palm kernel or tung nut have been exploited as raw materials for the chemical industry for some considerable time. They represent a stable and variable, albeit relatively minor fraction, of the world vegetable oil market. The quest for new oil seed crops which possess unusual fatty acids and are able to yield sufficient quantities of them on an economic scale have been prompted by diversification of industrial applications, changes in agricultural practices and production and, more recently, unreliable supplies of mineral oils which serve as the raw materials of the petrochemical industry. 

Canvin, D.T., 1965. Effect of temperature on oil content and fatty add composition of oils from several oil seed crops. Can. J. Bot. 43, 63-69. 

Plessers et al 1962). In these trials, the yield for Camelina is better than that for either rapeseed or flaxseed grown in the same location. This first study demonstrated that Camelina is an excellent northern climate crop that is not susceptible to temperatures as low as -11°C but is highly susceptible to herbicides (Plessers et al., 1962). This is consistent with our observations that Camelina is susceptible to very low levels of residual class 2 herbicides in the soil. Furthermore, this first study reports that Camelina matures about 4 weeks more quickly than flax and that the protein yield is better than flax and has an average protein content of about 40%. Hence, this initial trial in 1958-60 demonstrates that Camelina has vast potential in the northern portions of the United States and in southern Canada as an alternative oil seed crop with a significant benefit to cold tolerance and quick maturity. 

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