Oil in seed

Maturity stagea Oil (% dry weight) Triacylglycerol13 FFAb Diacylglycerol13 Polar lipidb 

TAG = triacylglycerol FFA = free fatty acid DAG = diacylglycerol MAG = monoacylglycerol PL = polar lipid WO = whole oil. 

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Calculation. Divide the weight lost by the weight of sample and multiply by 100 to obtain the percentage oil in the seed sample. A separate sample for moisture content must be weighed at the same time as the sample for oil extraction if the percentage oil in seed DM is required. 

Crop year Total sunflower harvest (million hectares) Change in harvested area (%) NuSun harvested (million hectares) NuSun hectares (% Total) Yield of seeds (tonnes/ hectare) Average oil in seeds (%) NuSun oil yield (thousand tonnes)... 

Storage oils in seeds are synthesized from Ai-glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) by acyltransferase enzymes which are associated with microsomes but have also been reported in oil body preparations. We have studied acyltransferase activities in oil palm mesocarp. 

Nonmedical applications of NMR imaging and spectroscopy include the study of interstitial or bound water in food products (as used to increase the return on delicatessen), oil in seeds, etc. There are parallel applications for abiological composite materials fluids in porous (e.g., oil-bearing) rocks, plasticized resins, or rubber, in which the skeletal protons can be imaged, as in fats. But the field is developing so fast it is not easy to predict the new directions of advance (particularly with the advent of new superconductors that will not need liquid helium temperatures). 

A convenient source of the enzyme is castor oil seeds. The oil of the seeds is itself an ester, and therefore if the action of the enzyme is to be demonstrated on an extraneous ester, the castor oil must first be completely removed by extraction with ether. This, however, is a long process and may require several days for completion. The hydrolysing action of the enzyme on the oil in I he seed can however be demonstrated as described on p. 512. 

ASARONE 70-80% of calamus oil. In trace amounts in Asian carrot seed and clove bud oils. 

Oil-free alkyds Oil from seeds Oil-in-water emulsion Oil laundering Oil length Oil mining Oil of anise Oil of bergamot Oil of eucalyptus Oil oflemon Oil of Olay Oil of Palma Christi Oil of turpentine Oil Orange Oil-pump Oil reclaiming Oil recovery... 

Table 14. Commercial Yields of Oilseeds and Seed Oils in the United States ...

Other than fuel, the largest volume appHcation for hexane is in extraction of oil from seeds, eg, soybeans, cottonseed, safflower seed, peanuts, rapeseed, etc. Hexane has been found ideal for these appHcations because of its high solvency for oil, low boiling point, and low cost. Its narrow boiling range minimises losses, and its low benzene content minimises toxicity. These same properties also make hexane a desirable solvent and reaction medium in the manufacture of polyolefins, synthetic mbbers, and some pharmaceuticals. The solvent serves as catalyst carrier and, in some systems, assists in molecular weight regulation by precipitation of the polymer as it reaches a certain molecular size. However, most solution polymerization processes are fairly old it is likely that those processes will be replaced by more efficient nonsolvent processes in time. 

Miscellaneous Applications. PEIs and their derivatives ate used as cementation auxihaties in cmde oil exploration (459), and for breaking cmde oil emulsions (460) in cmde oil extraction. Seed coatings of water-soluble copolymers containing polyethyleneimine have been developed (461). Polyethyleneimine derivatives have positive photoresist properties (462) amidated polyethyleneimines improve the flow properties of cement (463) and with few exceptions, A/-acyla2iddines act as chemical sterilisers for insects (464). 

Component Stmcture number In oil, % In freshly cmshed ripe coriander seeds, %... 

S. Chen, in E. W. Lusas, D. R. Erickson, and W.-K. Nip, eds.. Food Uses of Whole Oil andProtein Seeds, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign,... 

Myristic acid occurs as a glyceride in many vegetable fats and oils, in particular in coconut oil,i its isolation from which involves separation from homologs by fractional distillation of the acids or their esters. The trimyristin obtained from nutmegs 2 (p. 100) or from the seeds of Virola venezuelensis forms the most suitable source. 

C/rimnie records the following percentages o[ nasuiitial oil in the mustard and allied seeds set out below ... 

Trilinolein is a polyunsaturated fat. This type of fat is an antioxidant that has been linked to a number of potential cardiovascular health benefits. It is found in seed oils such as safflower oil and linseed oil. 

Johansson, A. K., Kuusisfo, P. H., Laakso, P. H., Derome, K. K., Sepponen, P. J., Katajisto, J. K. and KaUio, II. 1997. Geographical variations in seed oils from Rubus chamaemorus and Empe-trum nigrum. Phytochemistry 44 1421-1427. 

The food technologist may be especially interested in the fate of the carotenoids in the seed oil. Like red palm oil, the resulting carotenoid-pigmented canola oil may be more stable due to the antioxidant properties of carotenoids and may be more attractive to consumers. Alternatively, for food security concerns, transgenic soybean or canola oils and seed meals that are genetically modified for more efficient bio-diesel production may be bio-safety marked with lipid-soluble carotenoids and water-soluble anthocyanins, respectively. Potatoes are excellent potential sources of dietary carotenoids, and over-expression of CrtB in tubers led to the accumulation of P-carotene. Potatoes normally have low levels of leaf-type carotenoids, like canola cotyledons. 

In many products, the spin-relaxation properties of the components can be different due to molecular sizes, local viscosity and interaction with other molecules. Macromolecules often exhibit rapid FID decay and short T2 relaxation time due to its large molecular weight and reduced rotational dynamics [18]. Mobile water protons, on the other hand, are often found to have long relaxation times due to their small molecular weight and rapid diffusion. As a result, relaxation properties, such as T2, have been used extensively to quantify water/moisture content, fat contents, etc. [20]. For example, oil content in seeds is determined via the spin-echo technique as described according to international standards [64]. 

The methods developed using organic solvents are typically designed to maximize the use of crop plants. For example, in the case of the synthesis of PHA in seeds of oil crops, such as rapeseed or soybean, the extraction methods have the advantage that the oil can be recovered from the seeds as well as PHA, and that the residual meal can be used in animal feed (Fig. 5) [74-78]. In this process, the seeds containing oil and PHA are crushed and the oil is obtained with a... 

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