Objective 2 — Safety

The Safety Fundamentals publication, The Safety of Nuclear Installations [1], presents three fundamental safety objectives, upon the basis of which the requirements for minimizing the risks associated with nuclear power plants are derived. The following paras 2.2-2.6 are reproduced directly from The Safety of Nuclear Installations, paras 203-207. 

General Nuclear Safety Objective To protect individuals, society and the environment from harm by establishing and maintaining in nuclear installations effective defences against radiological hazards. 

This General Nuclear Safety Objective is supported by two complementary Safety Objectives dealing with radiation protection and technical aspects. They are interdependent the technical aspects in conjunction with administrative and procedural measures ensure defence against hazards due to ionizing radiation. 

Radiation Protection Objective To ensure that in all operational states radiation exposure within the installation or due to any planned release of radioactive material from the installation is kept below prescribed limits and as low as 

Technical Safety Objective To take all reasonably practicable measures to prevent accidents in nuclear installations and to mitigate their consequences should they occur to ensure with a high level of confidence that, for all possible accidents taken into account in the design of the installation, including those of very low probability, any radiological consequences would be minor and below prescribed limits and to ensure that the likelihood of accidents with serious radiological consequences is extremely low. 

There are three safety objectives the first is general in nature. The other two are complementary and deal with radiation protection and the technical aspects of safety. The following paragraphs are reproduced directly from Ret [1]  

In accordance with the principles of radiation protection, provisions are required to be made in the design to comply with the Radiation Protection Objective as given in para. 2.4 of Safety of Nuclear Power Plants Design [1]  

The radioactive waste incineration facilities shall be constructed and operated in compliance with the authorization for plant discharges to the environment as determined by the competent authority, and also to minimize industrial hazards. 

Radiation exposure to the public and the operating personnel shall be ensured in the design and operation to be as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), social and economic factors being taken into account. This requirement implies that the hazardous consequences from the practice of radioactive waste incineration should be reduced by suitable protective measures to a value such that further reductions become less justified in relation to the additional expenditure required. The dose equivalent to individuals shall not exceed the applicable dose limits set by the competent authority. Further guidance on radiation protection principles may be found in Ref. [6]. 

A well defined safety evaluation procedure should be an integral aspect of the design of a radioactive waste incineration facility. 

Over-3-day, together with death and major injury, is one of the three main categories of reportable injuries under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR). 

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CTB 941.2-93 defines laboratories subject to accreditation in National system. Among others laboratories with legal status, results of testing and measurements of which are used in assessment of safety of products, works and services, in diagnostics of technical state of critical safety objects and vehicles are noted. These laboratories use different NDT methods in their activities. 

Hazardous waste sites should be divided into as many different zones as needed to meet operational and safety objectives. For illustration, the following are three frequently used zones ... 

The results received form the optimization using inherent safety as the objective function are somewhat different compared to those calculated with an economic objective function earlier (Hurme, 1996). With the inherent safety objective function the simple distillations were favoured more than with the economic function. Exceptions are cases where the extractive distillation could improve separation very dramatically. This is because in simple distillations only one column is required per split, but in extractive distillation two columns are needed, since the solvent has to be separated too. This causes larger fluid inventory since also the extraction solvent is highly flammable. The results of the calculation are well justified by common sense, since one of the principles of inherent safety is to use simpler designs and reduce inventories to enhance safety. 

The primary endpoint was the overall objective response rate. Of the 444 patients enrolled in the study, 78 patients (17.6%) went off-study prior to receiving one cycle of chemotherapy. The main reason for withdrawal was insufficient tumor tissue for ERCCI mRNA assessment (42 patients [9.4%]). Of the 366 patients who completed the study, 346 were evaluable for response and 366 for progression-free and overall survival and safety. Objective response was observed in 53 patients (39.3% 95% confidence interval [Cl], 31.4%-47.8%) in the control arm and 107patients (50.7% 95%CI, 44%-57.5% / =. 019) in the genotypic arm (90). 

Babrauskas, V. and Simonson, M. Fire behaviour of plastic parts in electrical appliances Standards versus required fire safety objectives. Fire Mater. 2007, 31, 83-96. Cite papers from Fire and Materials conferences and other TV set fire papers. 

RADWASS has been organized in a hierarchical structure of four levels of safety documents. The top-level publication is a document of safety fundamentals which provides the basic safety objectives and fundamental principles to be followed in national waste management programmes. The lower levels include safety standards, safety guides, and safety practice documents. The series has been structured in a logical and clear manner to reflect the systems approach to waste management. 

The key process safety objective is to identify failures, gaps or conditions and to correct them before they contribute to a major process safety incident... 

Metrics must relate directly to process safety objectives and provide accurate performance information. 

As described in Chapter 5, evaluation of those responsible for the process safety system and their performance should be reflected in individual performance objectives or contracts. Poor performance against process safety objectives should be reflected in annual evaluations. 

Present nuclear power plants must be designed and operated to current safety objectives and principles in order to achieve a high level of safety. Nuclear power has a small environmental impact when operating as designed, but faces serious public concerns about the risk of oif-design accidental releases. This has stimulated the current engineering concentration on reducing the probability of such accidents. 

Management will communicate the organization s safety objectives to all employees Management communicate the organization s safety objectives to all employees... 

By examining the test plan and test cases early in the development lifecycle plenty of opportunity is afforded to get the assurance strategy right and to formulate this from the ground up based on the safety objectives. 

The safety objectives are both a sub-system, but also is an independent factor. The safety objectives are to guide safety production management system and the end result. The main contents include safety objectives system, safety objectives management operation mechanism, the safety objectives system assessment mechanism. 

In recent years, from investigation on a large number of enterprises, more and more enterprises are starting to make zero accident concept as one of their safety management concepts, and establish a zero accident objective as their highest safety objective, such as DuPont, Eluor, Alcoa, Dow, Intel, Motorola, Lonza (Guangzhou), the Rainbow Group, Australian Coal Association and so on. The safety performance of these enterprises is well known, however, the relationship between achieved safety performance and zero accident concept has not been studied in depth, and this paper will carry on theoretical and empirical research on this issue. 

Firstly, this paper describes the achievable of zero accidents theoretically, and then elaborates action principles of zero accident and draws the graphics using the action principle of safety culture, principle of attitude and behavior and accident triangle principle. At last, this paper makes an empirical study on safety objectives, safety management, and safety performance of DuPont, Fluor, Alcoa, Shell, getting the following conclusions ... 

To play a safety audit in safety production of construction, you must first clear theoretical structure of safety audit. Since the entire audit objectives play a guiding role in the theoretical structure, this paper starts from the safety objectives of the audit and establishes the theoretical construct structural framework of safety audit, shown in Figure 1. 

Stringer, M. 2005. Summary report Food safety objectives—Role in microbiological food safety management. Food Control 16 775-794. 

Principle safety objectives for innovative small reactor system have been identified ... 

The small units can be made simpler and include large margins to safety. Natural circulation cooling at full power is possible. However, because of die large amount of stored ener in the coolant, a pressure-retaining containment is necessary to meet the safety objectives. It is also likely that active safety components such as isolation valves may be required. 

Because the reactor can be designed with very little excess reactivity in the core and the molten salt has very good heat transport characteristics, the potential for achieving passive safety objectives also exists. The fact that (1) the molten-salt reactor is a low pressure system, and (2) the coolant is very chemically stable and does not react with air or water also support the passive safety characteristics of this concept. 

Safety objectives are designed to prevent the formation of harmful agents, to confine than so as to prevent their dispersal, or to ensure that receptive sites are beyond their reach. Safety measures often combine these objectives. Elaboration of these measures involves analysis of the various parameters and their evaluation over time. This risk identification requires constantly questioning approaches (e.g.. What can a harmful agent do What can be done to prevent it ). 

The objective of Clause 5 of lEC 61511-1 ANSI/ISA-84.00.01-2004 Part 1 flEC 61511-1 Mod) is to provide requirements for implementing the management activities that are necessary to ensure that the functional safety objectives are met. 

Proceeding from the fact that severe accidents in the facilities of nuclear power industry evidently cannot be eliminated completely (i.e., their probability cannot be decreased to zero), the following main safety objectives have been formulated ... 

What safety objectives are/will be established and how is attainment monitored ... 

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