Hazards consequence

Figure 7.1 Possible reactive chemical hazards (consequences are not mutually exclusive)...

Chapters 3, 4, and 5 describe various methods of evaluating hazard consequences and risk associated with buildings in process plants. Buildings for which there remains a concern following evaluation may be at significant risk from explosion or fire hazards. As discussed in Chapter 5, these buildings may be candidates for risk reduction. 

Consequences the results that follow from the occurrence of a meaningful deviation. Hazards consequences that can cause damage (loss) or injury. 

The SFA requires the definition of respective substances, a comprehensive analysis of the system (i.e. boundaries), and it is always limited in its extent due to process properties and data availability. Within this chapter the implementation of SFA for tracing hazardous substances in international informal e-waste treatment has been proved to be a useful method. To assess the hazardous consequences and potential risks of the selected chemicals to humans and the environment caused by informal recycling activities in those regions, different models exist, from which four have been chosen according to their specific focus and various pros and cons. 

Furthermore zero waste efforts in Brazil to avoid hazardous consequences caused by additives, due to inappropriate handling of waste, are described. The city of Cantagalo is one of the first in Brazil to establish organised separation and treatment of solid wastes for reuse. The separation with proper allocation for coprocessing of the waste not suitable for recycling or composting is a laudable solution from both an environmental and economic standpoint. 

Of other concern are mercury-containing lamps. At the end-of-life, compact fluorescent lamps/fluorescent tube lights (CFLs/FTFs) are either disposed in bulk (sold in auction) or disposed individually along with municipal waste. Proper and safe collection of these products would mean its intact collection, transportation and recovery of different components including mercury. The case study outlines the possible hazardous consequences due to improper handling of EoL CFLs and FTLs and proposes a future safe collection, recycling and disposal plan. 

Fire and explosion are considered most hazardous consequences of an interaction with the score 4. The score value for the formation of toxic or flammable gas depends on the amount and the harmfiilness of the gas (score 2-3). Likewise the more heat is formed the higher the score value is (score 1-3). Rapid polymerization is valued on the basis of the polymerization rate (score 2-3). Soluble toxic chemicals and formation of harmless, nonflammable gases are considered less harmful compared with others, thus score 1. 

Up to this point, the chemical reactivity hazards of individual substances, either by themselves or in contact with common environmental materials, have been considered. This last question in the chemical reactivity hazards screening will address the potential for an unintended chemical reaction due to incompatible materials contacting each other. Compatibility, in this context, means the ability of materials to exist in contact without specified (usually hazardous) consequences under a defined scenario. A scenario, in this context, is a detailed physical description of the process whereby a potential inadvertent combination of materials may occur (ASTM E 2012-00). 

The ability of materials to exist in contact without specified (usually hazardous) consequences under a defined scenario. 

A complete understanding of the system under consideration and of the mechanisms that lead to all the hazardous outcomes is required. This may be in the form of a time sequence of instructions, control actions, or in the sequence of physical events that lead to hazardous consequences. 

HAZARD, CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLATING THE "NEVER EXCEED" LIMIT ... 

Ammonia is sometimes used as a reducing agent for the selective reduction of NOE in emissions from industrial installations, but unreacted ammonia creates a secondary air pollution problem because it is itself hazardous. Consequently, selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) is required to convert traces of ammonia to nitrogen downstream of the reactor 134... 

What-If Hazard Consequence Safeguards ST L R Rees Remarks Comments... 

WHAT IF... HAZARD CONSEQUENCES SAFEGUARDS RECOMMENDATIONS REMARKS... 

Another way to get a drug into the bloodstream quickly is inhalation. In fact, the short time between the inhalation and the desired effect can sometimes be exploited, with hazardous consequences, as with recreational drugs. For example, nicotine and cocaine, which are very quickly absorbed through the nasal mucosa and the lung tissue, reach the brain in a matter of seconds. Other routes and techniques may be used to deliver drugs to the brain in a controlled fashion. Injections directly into the spinal fluid may be used for certain neurological condi-... 

The results of the effects testing will be used to place the material in a hazard category based on NATO-UN classification scheme and when combined with the sensitivij y data will give the material an overall hazard classification. For example, a material which is foiind to be an intense fire hazard (consequence 1.3) and sensitive (Category B) to initiation by rubbing friction would be placed in class 1.3B. 

This reaction has been carried out on an industrial scale in spite of the fact that the decomposition stage is potentially hazardous. Consequently, techniques have been developed that avoid isolating a solid diazonium salt [2] (Figure 9.12). 

Hazards Consequences that can cause damage (loss) or injury. 

Precautionary principle This advocates action - such as banning the import of genetically modified organisms - when the safety of products cannot be established with full scientific certainty and potentially hazardous consequences in the future are suspected. 

Thus the flash point is used primarily as an index of fire hazards. Consequently, most industry specifications or classifications place limits on the flash point to ensure compliance with fire regulations, insurance, and legal requirements because it is essential that the fuel is safe to transport and store. Generally, because of its distillation characteristics, fuel oil should not contain any volatile or flashable constituents. Nevertheless, the occasion might arise when application of test methods to determine the flash point might be applicable. 

The hazard-, consequence-, and likelihood-based approaches are foimded on the potential issue or combination of issues. The risk-based approach discussed here is... 

In the terminology of QRA, consequence is a measure of the expected outcome of an event and is measured or expressed as hazard distances or hazard zones. The impact analysis addresses the potential effects of the hazardous consequences to people, property, and the environment. A consequence analysis is normally carried out using mathematical models and computer software addressing the physical and chemical phenomena. Impact analysis takes into account the presence of people, property, and sensitive environments that can be adversely be affected by a chemical release. 

Qualitative Risk Analysis Based primarily on description and comparison nsing historical experience and engineering jndgment, with httle quantification of the hazards, consequences, likelihood, or level of risk. 

In a word, explicit information for all three warning content categories hazard, consequences and instructions is of great importance. Explicit and overall information play a significant role in compliance (Laughery Sr and Paige Smith, 2006). 

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