Quantitative safety objectives

Fundamental safety objectives 2.1.2 QUANTITATIVE SAFETY OBJECTIVES... 

Determining the safety requirements (i.e. qualitative and/or quantitative safety objectives commensurate with the particular hazard), starting with the appropriate system level and flowing those requirements down to the required sub-system/ unit/component level. This is the purpose of the PSSAs. 

NFPA has developed a Fire Safety Concepts Tree At the top of the tree are fire safety objectives, followed by actions to achieve the objectives. Elements of the tree connect using AND and OR gates, similar to fault tree analysis (Figure 36-10). A Fire Safety Concepts Tree can help analyze buildings and designs using qualitative and quantitative procedures. 

Qualitative performance measurements, such as checklists, are commonly used to assess the status of safety and health programs. Quantitative, or objective, performance measurements are necessary for precision, consistency, and reproducibility. 

The objective of radioactive waste management is to deal with radioactive waste in a manner that protects human health and the environment now and in the future without inqtosing undue burdens on future generations. The proof of this objective being achieved at a given site is generally based on safety indicators which can be conq>ared to quantitative safety ariteria. 

With the results of probabilistic safety analyses (PSA), the achievement of safety objectives can be assessed on a quantitative basis and in line with their safety-related significance (Fig. 1)... 

Safety objectives are fixed for every nuclear installation. These objectives should be measurable, both qualitatively and quantitatively, and they should include prevention of severe accidents and mitigation of the consequences, should prevention fail, as it has been clearly stated in a series of IAEA INSAG reports. When setting safety objectives, other factors (notably non-fatal health effects) should also be taken into account, as learned from the historical severe accidents. 

There are usirally several safety objectives, which are set in consideration of the possible conseqnences of considered events (e g. 10 and 10 per launch for damage to people and facihties, respectively, under the rules applicable to the Giriana Space Center). To these quantitative objectives are added qualitative reqirirements on the nnmber of tolerated faults (2 and 1, respectively). 

This study will be conducted in two phases. In the first phase, an identical approach to the provisional safety stndy is performed on the system as bnilt, quantitatively demonstrating that the safety functions are achieved and the safety objectives are met. 

The. statement goes on to acknowledge the contribution of the Reactor Safety Study (WASH-1400) to risk quantification but points out that safety goals were not the study objectives and that the uncertainties make it unsuitable for such a purpose. After pointing out that the death I f any individual is not "acceptable," it states two quantitative objectives ... 

These objective, quantitative tests have shown that nitrile containers should protect the taste and odor of packaged foods and beverages. But the primary consideration in judging overall package performance, once safety is assured, rests on the subjective evaluations of taste, odor, and appearance. It is well known that the animal senses, in many instances, are far more sensitive than the best instruments and also are capable of integrating the individual effects of the several influences on product quality. 

Occasionally the qualitative and intuitive methods of risk assessment fail, and something better is required. For example, a designer may have taken steps to address some hazard, but be unsure whether these are sufficient. There is also the possibility of failure of equipment, control systems or operating procedures which may reduce margins of safety. In these circumstances, quantitative risk assessment may be considered. This is an attempt to put numbers to the risks so that we can judge them objectively. 

A biomarker is defined as a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathological processes, or pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention [3]. A clinical end point quantifies a characteristic of a patient s condition (e.g., how they feel or function, or the survival rate of a population) and is used to determine the outcome of a clinical trial. A surrogate end point predicts the safety and efficacy of a drug based on subjective and quantitative data and can be used as a substitute for the clinical end point. 

ABSTRACT With Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), this paper sorts hierarchically various index on the impact of tender invitation and evaluation for mine safety equipments and forms an orderly hierarchical structure. By means of calculation, its weight is determined. Then a objective and scientific evaluation system of bid scheme is established with the combination of quantitative evaluation and qualitative evaluation, which reduces the influence of subjective elements and reflects an open, fair and just principle of competition. 

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