Nuclear installation

Nuclear installations in the United States must be licensed by the NRC, but some Federal govern 11 lent tacilities are exempt from licensing such as the Department of Energy. 

Sector Head-Nuclear Installations Engineering Division Ispra Establishment 1-21020 Ispra (Varese)... 

HM Nuclear Installations Inspectorate On HSE s behalf licenses nuclear installations ranging from nuclear power stations and chemical works to research reactors. 

Mackowiak, J., Report on Sodium/Steel Interactions, Sponsored by the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate of the Health and Safety Executive, Ref 98/CS/129/1976 (1977)... 

Nuclear installations are provided with a pressure explosion suppression and containment shell as an accommodation system against any sudden energy release resulting from an uncontrolled nuclear fission reaction. The internal air pressure is maintained at a level lower than the external atmosphere. 

Similar demands for reference materials also arise in connection with the monitoring of radioactivity in and around nuclear installations (nuclear power plants, nuclear fuel and reprocessing plants, and nuclear waste facilities). These, in fact, are now the main applications of radionuclide reference materials. 

A seismic stress analysis is not made as a routine procedure in the design of vessels for sites in the United Kingdom, except for nuclear installations, as the probability of an earthquake occurring of sufficient severity to cause significant damage is negligible. However, the possibility of earthquake damage may be considered if the site is a Major Hazards installation, see Chapter 9, Section 9.9. 

Agee, L. J., 1978, Power Series Solutions of the Thermal-Hydraulic Conservation Equations, in Transient Two-Phase Flew, Proc. 2nd Specialists Meeting, OECD Committee for the Safety of Nuclear Installations, Paris, Vol. 1, pp. 385-410. (3)... 

Agee, L. J., S. Banerjie, R. B. Duffey, and E. D. Hughes, 1978, Some Aspects of Two-Phase Models for Two-Phase Flow and Their Numerical Solutions, in Transient Two-Phase Flow, Proc. 2nd Specialists Meeting, OECD Committee for the Safety of Nuclear Installations, Paris, Vol. 1, pp. 27-58. (3) Ahmadi, G., and D. Ma, 1990, A Thermodynamical Formulation for Disposed Multiphase Turbulent Flows I. Basic Theory, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 16 323. (3)... 

Drew, D., S. Sim, and R. T. Lahey, Jr., 1978, Radial Phase-Distribution Mechanisms in Two-Phase Flow, Proc. OECD Committee for Safety in Nuclear Installations 2nd Specialists Meeting on Transient Two-Phase Flow, Paris. (3)... 

March-Leuba, J., 1990, Radial Nodalization Effects on BWR Stability Calculations, Int. Workshop on BWR Stability, Proc., Hottsville, NY, CSNI Rep. 178, pp. 232-240, OECD-NEA, Committee for the Safety of Nuclear Installations, Paris. (6)... 

Mistry, K. B., Bhujbal, B. M. and D Souza, T. J. (1974). Influence of agronomic practices on uptake of fission products by crops from soils of regions adjoining nuclear installations in India, page 303 in Environmental Behavior of Radionuclides Released in the Nuclear Industry, IAEA Publication No. STI/PUB/345 (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna). 

The Landmark diatomite material is treated and processed to a purity and grade that will collect angstrom-sized particles. According to the vendor, because of the diversity and shapes of the diatoms, different blends may be formulated to filter out almost any kind of material from a liquid including heavy metals, organics, and radionuclides from low-level waste streams of nuclear installations. 

The hardest part of engineering risk assessment has turned out to be the prediction of the modes of failure. Serious accidents at nuclear installations, such as those at Three Mile Island or at Chernobyl, have been caused by modes of failure that had not been analysed at all. For example, the report of the Presidents Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island (Presidents Commission, 1979, p9) highlighted that the concentration of the assessment process on more obvious large break scenarios meant that the eventual mode of failure, which was a result of a chain of a number of more minor events, was not even considered. Despite the use of significant resources in the design process, the risk assessment had been unable to characterize the complex system adequately, a system that was totally human-made and defined. In particular, the risk assessment process had not been able to identify modes of failure caused by humans involved in the operations of the reactor behaving in unexpected ways. 

Clarke, R.H. Macdonald, H.F. (1978) Radioactive releases from nuclear installations. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2, 77-152. 

Forman, D., Cook-Mozaffari, P., Darby, S., Davey, G., Stratton, I., Doll, R. Pike, M. (1987) Cancer near nuclear installations. Nature, 329,499-505. 

Pimpl, M. 1992. Increasing the sensitivity of 241Pu determination for emission and immission control of nuclear installations by aid liquid scintillation counting. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 161 429—435. 

The direct contamination of vegetation by deposition of radioactive material from the atmosphere onto above-ground organs is important under three main circumstances. Firstly, where a release of radionuclides occurs to atmosphere during routine discharges from nuclear installations in most cases such releases are effectively continuous, although spike releases can take place, such as during blow-down when... 

For theoretical chemistry to succeed it must develop the power to elucidate the behaviour of chemical substances to the satisfaction of experimental chemists, known to operate at many different levels. Understanding is not promoted by the generation of numbers, however accurate or numerous, without a simple picture that tells the story. It is inevitable that the chain of reasoning must reduce the problem of understanding the behaviour of substances, to the understanding of molecules, atoms, electrons, and eventually the aether. Again, this ladder of understanding should not be obscured by complicated mathematical relationships that cannot be projected into a simple picture. Small wonder that the planetary model of the atom, inspired by Kepler, and discredited almost a hundred years ago, is still the preferred icon to represent nuclear installations and activity in the commercial world. Theoretical chemistry should also communicate with the predominantly nonscientist population of the world, but in order to tell a story it is first of all necessary to know the story. 

Heavy but soft materials such as lead reflect sound waves very efficiently. Because of its high density and low modulus, lead is an excellent acoustic insulator. Lead sheets are indeed used for this purpose, but not alone This is because lead tends to creep easily under its own weight. A lead sheet is commonly laminated between say plywood or some other material. Toray Co. produced a lead fiber nonwoven fabric embedded in soft polyvinyl chloride with excellent sound insulating characteristics. Nonwoven lead fiber mat can be used as radiation shielding in nuclear installations. A blended product of fine lead short fiber with a resin has been used for X-ray shielding. 

For the monitoring of effluent releases the samples collected in the vicinity of nuclear installations must be representative of land and water utilization as well as meteorological factors. Samples must be analyzed for those nuclides which contribute most to public exposure. 

Safety Series No. 50-C-Q Quality Assurance for Safety in Nuclear Power Plants and other Nuclear Installations (1996). 

The early phase is defined by the time period during which there is the threat of a significant release. The time interval between the recognition of an accident sequence and the start of the release can extend from about half an hour to about a day and the duration of the release may be between half an hour and several days. In this phase the information based on the analysis of data and predictions being from the nuclear installation and some limited environmental measurements of off-site exposure rates and airborne concentrations from the plume may become available. Thus, the... 

Radioactive particles have been identified in connection with accidental releases from nuclear installations under high- and low-temperature conditions, in particular in releases from the accident in Unit 4 at Chernobyl (Loshchilov et al., 1992 Devell et al., 1986 Raunemaa et al., 1988) in 1986 and releases from the Windscale piles both during the fire in 1957 (Arnold, 1992) and earlier during the normal operation of the plant (Jakeman, 1986). 

Sumerling, T.J., The use of mosses as indicators of airborne radionuclides near a major nuclear installation. Sci. Total Environ., 35 (1984) 251-265. 

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