Structure hierarchical

Alternatively, thin metal coatings were applied either in combination with electron-beam irradiation or applied anisotropically to create tilted structures. The irradiated or coated pillar surfaces shrank more than the opposite surface, resulting in bending of soft-molded pillars, and subsequent anisotropic adhesion behavior [41, 47, 48]. 

Gecko setae have a hierarchical organization, which enables adaptability and adhesion to rough surfaces of any kind. To mimic the multiple levels of compliance present in the gecko setae, structures ordered over multiple length scales have been proposed. 

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Figure 5 -5. Hierarchical structure of a database. For example, object E on level 2 is the parent of the child objects J and K.

Hierarchical Structure of PVC. PVC has stmcture that is built upon stmcture which is, in turn, built upon even more stmcture. These many layers of stmcture are all important to performance and are interrelated. A summary of these stmctures is Hsted in Table 2 Figure 5 examines a model of these hierarchies on three scales. 

The hierarchical structure of HTA enables the analyst to focus on crucial aspects of the task that can have an impact on plant safety. 

I. Decide on the Level of Detail to Conduct Analysis The hierarchical structure of the HTA allows errors to be predicted at a variety of different levels. For example, consider Section 2 of the HTA in Figure 5.6. The subtask Prepare tanker for filling requires subtasks 2.1 to 2.5 to be performed. There are a number of ways in which these subtasks could fail to be performed correctly at this level. For example subtasks 2.3 to 2.5 could be carried out in the wrong order. If there were multiple tankers, 2.1 verify tanker is empty could be carried out on the wrong tanker. It should be noted that this analysis may be quite independent of an analysis at the next lower level, where individual task steps would be analyzed. 

The hierarchical structure of the CCPS Taxonomy is divided into three major parts equipment description, service description, and failure description. Figure 3.1 illustrates this organization. 

The IEEE Std 500 document is based on a hierarchical structure of component types set down in the manual s table of contents. The preface for each subsection (defined by a component type) provides a tree diagram that clearly shows the way the component classes have been subdivided to determine "data cells". The failure modes for each component class are also hierarchically organized according to failure severity catastrophic, degraded, or incipient. Rates per hour and demand rates (per cycle) are both included, as well as upper and lower bounds. 

The forms comprise several sections (REE, CSP, COND, SAMP, and DATA) which follow the ordered way chiral separations are planned in an organized laboratory. The user first puts in the section REP the full information related to a given reference. Then, in CSP, SAMP and COND he or she will enter all the columns, samples and operating conditions. The separations are actually created in the last windows DATA, where each sample will be connected to all the columns which have been used, and each column will be connected to all the tested conditions in front of these conditions are entered the experimental results of each separation. This hierarchical structure thus enables a rapid and easy registration of several chiral separations for a given compound. 

Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the cross-section of tendon showing the hierarchical structural arrangement [5].

Hierarchical Structures Huberman and Kerzberg [huber85c] show that 1// noise can result from certain hierarchical structures, the basic idea being that diffusion between different levels of the hierarchy yields a hierarchy of time scales. Since the hierarchical dynamics approach appears to be (on the surface, least) very different from the sandpile CA model, it is an intriguing challenge to see if the two approaches are related on a more fundamental level. 

SSee section 12.3.2 for a discussion of complexity in hierarchical structures. 

Hierarchical Structure. In order to be better able to simulate the hierarchical nature of many real-world complex systems, in which agent behavior can itself be best described as being the result of the collective behavior of some swarm of constituent agents. Swarm is designed so that agents themselves can be swarms of other agents. Moreover, Swarm is designed around a time hierarchy, Thus, Swarm is both a nested hierarchy of swarms and a nested hierarchy of schedules. 

Characterization of Hierarchical Structures from Argon Adsorption to MIP... 

Lakshmanan, R., and Stephanopoulos, G Synthesis of operating procedures for complete chemical plants. I. Hierarchical, structured modeling for nonlinear planning. Comput. Chem. Eng. 12, 985 (1988a). 

Figure 1.13 Hierarchic structure of entities that are related to using micro reactors - fundaments, impacts, and applications.

A typical feature of expert systems that support frames is inheritance. Frames can be organized in a hierarchical structure. They can inherit properties (attributes) from frames that are higher in the hierarchy. The latter are therefore called parent frame and the former child frame. There are many varieties of the inheritance principle. Frames can have only one parent frame (simple inheritance) or may have multiple parent frames (multiple inheritance). All attributes can be inherited (full inheritance) or only a few, selected by the knowledge engineer, may be inherited (partial inheritance) by the child frames. An example of a simple inheritance organization of frames is shown in Table 43.1. The frame Organic Compound is the parent frame. The frames Ester and Acids are child frames of Organic Compound . A typical example of inheritance is instantiation. The frame Acetic acid is a child of Acids and, since no extra attributes are added, it is also an instantiation. 

The hierarchical structure of the frames defines the relation between them. This hierarchical structure is static, however, and cannot be easily modified. Inheritance is therefore an elegant way to represent taxonomical relations or well-established relations between objects. It is less suited for variables or ill-defined relations between objects. 

G.J. de A. Soler-Illia, C. Sanchez, B. Lebeau, J. Patari, Chemical strategies to design textured materials from microporous and mesoporous oxides to nanonetworks and hierarchical structures. Chem. Rev. 102 (2002) 4093. 

Ihmels H, Otto D (2005) Intercalation of Organic Dye Molecules into Double-Stranded DNA - General Principles and Recent Developments. 258 161-204 Iida H, Krische MJ (2007) Catalytic Reductive Coupling of Alkenes and Alkynes to Carbonyl Compounds and Imines Mediated by Hydrogen. 279 77-104 Imai H (2007) Self-Organized Formation of Hierarchical Structures. 270 43-72 Indelli MT, see Chiorboli C (2005) 257 63-102 Inoue Y, see Borovkov VV (2006) 265 89-146 Ishii A, Nakayama J (2005) Carbodithioic Acid Esters. 251 181-225 Ishii A, Nakayama J (2005) Carboselenothioic and Carbodiselenoic Acid Derivatives and Related Compounds. 251 227-246... 

Zhou et al. obtained nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide replicas via a two-step infiltration process with natural leaves as templates [220]. The replicas inherited the hierarchical structures of the natural leaf at the macro-, micro-, and nanoscales. These materials showed enhanced light-harvesting and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activities. The photocatalytic water splitting activity of the artificial leaf structures was eight times higher than that of titanium dioxide synthesized without templates. 

Zhang, B.J., Davis, S.A., Mendelson, N. H. and Mann, S. (2000) Bacterial templating of zeolite fibres with hierarchical structure. Chemical Communications, 781-782. 

A novel zeolite material possessing an inherent hierarchical structure with good mechanical and chemical strength has been prepared by the LbL assembly of zeolite nanocrystals and PDDA on the diatomite substrates [129]. The diatomite used has a disk-like morphology (Figure 7.12A) and exhibits abundant and uniform macropores (about 300-500 nm) in the diatomite plates (Figure 7.12B). The zeolite-diatomite (ZD)... 

Bone is an extremely dense connective tissue that, in various shapes, constitutes the skeleton. Although it is one of the hardest structures in the body, bone maintains a degree of elasticity owing to its structure and composition. It possesses a hierarchical structure and, as most of the tissues, is nanostructured in fact, it is a nanoscaled composite of collagen (organic extracellular matrix) and hydroxycarbonate apatite, (HCA, bone mineral). This nanostructure is in intimate contact with the bone cells (several microns in size), which result (at the macroscopic level) in the bone tissue. Figure 12.2 shows the bone hierarchical ordering from the bone to the crystalline structure of HCA. 

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