Tumor tissues

Poly(malic acid) is of pharmaceutical interest because its chemical derivatives may harbor both tissue-specific homing molecules and therapeutic effectors to be used for tissue (tumor) targeting in chemotherapy [2]. Because of its efficient production by fermentation, its biodegradability and nontoxicity, it is also considered as raw material in the industrial production of detergents, glues, and plastic materials. 

Lloyd RD, Taylor GN, Angus W, et al. 1995. Soft tissue tumors in beagles injected with 241Am citrate. Health Phys 68(2) 225-233. 

Nga ME, Lim G-L, Barbro N, et al. Successful retrieval of fine-needle aspiration biopsy material from previously stained smears for immunocytochemistry a novel technique applied to three soft tissue tumors. Mod. Pathol. 2005 18 728-732. 

This digestion, isolation, and storage approach has been successfully applied to a wide range of tumor and normal tissues. Tumor tissues include both primary and metastatic tumors of the more common types, such as colon, lung, and ovarian tumors, melanomas, and sarcomas, and rare tumors, such as schwannoma. Normal cell populations include lung, ovary, colon, heart, liver, kidney, and blood. 

Sufficient stable loading of drug in order to reach disease site with liposomes loaded with drug at a level needed to achieve therapeutic efficacy Extravasation into diseased tissue (tumor or inflamed sites)... 

Neural Tissue Tumor/Melanoma (S-100-Positive Tumors)... 

Andeson LM, Hagiwara A, Kovatch RM, et al Transplacental initiation of liver, lung, neurogenic and connective tissue tumors by A/-nitroso compounds in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 12 604-620, 1989... 

Tumor limited to the pancreas s 2 cm in greatest dimension Tumor limited to the pancreas > 2 cm in greatest dimension Tumor extends directly into any of the following duodenum, bile duct, peripancreatic tissue Tumor extends directly into any of the following stomach, spleen, colon, adjacent large vessels... 

Tumor invades the subepithelial connective tissue Tumor invades the fibromuscular layer Tumor invades the perifibromuscular connective tissue Tumor invades adjacent structures liver, pancreas, duodenum, gallbladder, colon, stomach... 

The alkylating agents can be considered to be cell-cycle independent drugs. They are used for the management of leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma and some carcinoma s and soft tissue tumors, generally as components of drug combination regimens. Cyclophosphamide is also used for its marked immunosuppressant properties. 

The other approach is based largely on informatics. In such an approach, tumors would be profiled in contrast to normal tissue. Tumor-specific markers would be identified via microarrays, as has been done in many publications already. From here, the list of tumor-specific markers would be analyzed to determine if any of these markers represented proteins which were likely to be secreted out of the cell and which may be detected in the peripheral blood stream. Preferably multiple markers would be identified that could be tested using multiplex ELISA assays (antibody arrays). Such work will take time, however, because once the potential markers are identified, antibodies must be generated, validated, and tested for effectiveness as an early diagnostic tool. Such work is being done, but little has been published so far. 

What is the decay constant of gallium-67, a radioisotope used for imaging soft-tissue tumors The half-life... 

Graadt van Roggen, J. F., Bovee, J. V. M. G., Morreau, J., and Hogendoom, P. C. W. 1999. Diagnostic and prognostic implications of the unfolding molecular biology of bone and soft tissue tumors. 7. Clin. Pathol. 52 481 -89. 

Sreekantaiah, C., Ladanyi, M., Rodriguez, E., and Chaganti, R. S. K. 1994. Chromosomal aberrations in soft tissue tumors, relevance to diagnosis, classification, and molecular mechanisms. Am. J. Pathol. 144 1121-1134. 

S.A. Hynds, J. Welsh, J.M. Stewart, A. Jack, M. Soukop, C.S. McArdle, K.C. Caiman, C.P. Packard and J. Sheperd, Low-density lipoprotein metabolism in mice with soft tissue tumors, Biochem. Biophys. Acta 795 (1984) 589-595. 

Bioindicators. Water-soluble, colorless tetrazolium salts can be reduced to water-insoluble, deeply colored formazans. The reduction of tetrazolium salts in plant tissue at pH 7.2 was first demonstrated in 1941 [77], Tetrazolium salts have since been used in biochemistry, cytochemistry, and histochemistry because of the great sensitivity of this reaction. They can be used to detect biological redox systems in blood serum, in living cells, tissues, tumors, and bacteria. Tetrazolium Blue [167429-81-7] (48) is a particularly sensitive reagent. 

Traditional endoscopic and surgical procedures provide whole tumor samples well suited for microscopic examination and analysis in the pathology laboratory. The use of whole tissue tumor biopsies for proteomic studies has, however, raised several important issues that have been well demonstrated in CRC [9]. These include cellular heterogeneity in the different bowel parietal layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis mucosa, serosa) that may or may not be infiltrated, epithelial cell diversity in the mucosa itself, tissue infiltration by inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, contamination with other body fluids, and protein degradation following tumor necrosis. In fact, epithelial cell content was found to vary between 9 and 67% in whole biopsies of normal mucosa and between 7 and 95% in tumor biopsies [10]. This study clearly demonstrates the likelihood of large cellular variation between tissue samples. 

Random tissue/tumor arrays These arrays contain tissues from multiple sites and contain tumor and or non-tumor tissues. Small arrays of this kind can be used for quality control measures such as monitoring of existing reagents/antibodies as well as work-up of novel reagents. In addition they can also be used as discovery tools. For example a survey of CD10 in tumors arising in multiple tissue sites lead to the discovery of its utility in diagnosing uterine stromal tumors (4). 

Minimum—all tissues in groups 1 and 4 and target tissues, tumors, and gross lesions from groups 2 and 3 Recommended—all tissues in all groups One copy of the draft hnal report One bound and unbound copy of the hnal and an electronic copy in Word and PDF Yes at least 1 year at the CRO... 

Deep tissue tumor cell thermal ablation [80]... 

Nielsen TO, West RB, Linn SC, Alter O, Knowling MA, O Connell IX, Zhu S, Eero M, Sherlock G, Pollack JR, Brown PO, Botstein D, Rijn Mvd. Molecular characterization of soft tissue tumors a gene expression stndy. Lancet 2002 359 1301-1307. 

An abbreviated panel of antibodies directed against three antigens— keratin, S-100 protein, and CD45 (Leukocyte Common Antigen-LCA)— can separate poorly differentiated tumors into four diagnostic categories carcinoma, neural tissue tumor/melanoma, hematopoietic tumor, and sarcoma as shown in Table 2. 

The safety of gadodiamide-enhanced MRI in staging suspected or recurrent soft tissue tumors of the head and neck has been investigated in 48 patients (aged 37-86) (18). There was only one adverse event, moderate thirst. The authors concluded that the use of gadodiamide for MRI contrast-enhanced examination of the head and neck is safe and provides more diagnostic information than unenhanced images. 

Ekholm SE, Bjork-Eriksson T, Western A, NeUstrom H, Jonsson E, Johansson A, Lonn L, Mercke C, Tollesson PO. MRI staging using gadodiamide for soft-tissue tumors of the head and neck region. Results from a phase II trial and a 5-year clinical follow-up. Eur J Radiol 2001 39(3) 168-75. 

Each paraffin-embedded section is collected on microscope slides and first examined under a microscope (lOx) to ensure that it contained sufficient tumor material and to eliminate possible contaminating normal tissues. Tumor and tumor-free areas are identified within 15 pm-thick deparaffinized sections lightly counterstained with hematoxylin and microdissected by gentle scraping with sterile scalpels into 1.5 ml polypropylene vials, using a hematoxylin and eosin-stained step section from the same block [4-7]. 

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