Protection radiation

Radiation protection is directed to preventing aity avoidable radiation exposure and to keeping arty unavoidable exposures as low as reasonably achievable. This objective shall be accomplished in the design by meaits of the following  

Full account shall be taken of the potential bitildup of radiation levels with time in areas of personnel occupancy and of the need to minimize the generation of radioactive materials as wastes. 

The shielding design shall be such that radiation levels in operating areas do not exceed the prescribed limits, and shall facilitate maintenance and inspection so as to minimize exposure of maintenance personnel. The ALARA principle shall be applied. 

Provision shall be made for appropriate decontamination facihties for both personnel and equipment and for handhng any radioactive waste arising from decontamination activities. 

Equipment shall be provided to ensure that there is adequate radiation monitoring in operational states, design basis accidents and, as practieable, severe accidents  

The radiation protection programme should include arrangements for monitoring and dose assessment and should ensure that doses to individuals remain within the prescribed limits its objective should be that individual and collective doses are kept as low as reasonably achievable. The radiation protection programme is subject to the requirements of, and should be established in accordance with, the basic principles and objectives presented in Ref. [17]. Reference [18] provides further recommendations and guidance on the radiation protection programme.  

Doses to persons shall be below the relevant dose limits. Protection and safety shall be optimized in order that the magnitude of individual doses, the number of persons exposed, and the likelihood of incurring exposure shall be kept as low as reasonably achievable, economic and social factors being taken into account, within the restriction that the doses to individuals be subject to dose constraints. A structured and systematic approach shall be adopted and shall include consideration of the interfaces between transport and other activities. 

A Radiation Protection Programme shall be established for the transport of radioactive material. The nature and extent of the measures to be employed in the programme shall be related to the magnitude and likelihood of radiation exposures. The programme shall incorporate the requirements of paras 301, 303-305 and 311. Programme documents shall be available, on request, for inspection by the relevant competent authority. 

For occupational exposures arising from transport activities, where it is assessed that the effective dose  

When individual monitoring or workplace monitoring is conducted, appropriate records shall be kept. 

Two design objectives should be considered for normal operation and anticipated operational occurrences (1) keep the radiation doses below prescribed limits, and (2) keep the radiation doses as low as reasonably achievable. The compliance with the first objective should be demonstrated by comparing the calculated equivalent dose with the prescribed limit specified in the national legislation. The relevant design calculations should be assessed by the designer to ensure the correctness of the input data and the validity of the methodology used (see Section 4). 

The exposures should be kept low through practices such as minimization of cladding defects, use of corrosion resistant materials, reduction of formation of long lived corrosion and activation isotopes, very low primary circuit coolant leakage, minimization of maintenance in high radiation areas and use of remote handling tools and robots. 

Provisions such as sufficient space for inspection and maintenance, adequacy of shielding for radiation protection, and correct installation of plant equipment should 

The design of spaces and equipment such as spent fuel storage and handling facilities, and radioactive waste storage should account for provisions to minimize the release that could result from their failure. 

The designer should show that sufficient design measures have been effected to allow adequate monitoring for radiation protection in accordance with Ref. [1]. 

The design of spent fuel storage facilities shall provide for radiation protection of workers and the public in accordance with the principles and requirements described in Refs [8, 9]. 

The radiation protection principles to be adhered to in the design of wet and dry storage facilities for spent fuel are those generally applicable to all nuclear facilities. In their application to spent fuel storage facilities, they may be stated as foUows  

Adherence to the above principles during the design of spent fuel handling systems in storage facilities requires that  

The design shall ensure that, in the operating and adjacent areas of the fuel 

To meet these requirements, the following provisions shall be included  

When working with radio-isotopes, strict attention should be paid to the radiation protection regulations in force at the time. 

Neutron radiation a) fast neutrons b) slow neutrons 

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Although the presented results prove the efficiency of radioscopy, this system have certain characteristics which justify to develop and employ further process integrated testing systems. One of this characteristics is that the integration of radioscopy in industrial applications is doubtful because of reasons of radiation protection. This means, that the results from radioscopy should rather be used to fit other systems (acoustic emission analysis or temperature analysis) for industrial applications. 

The paper presents the results from systematic comparisons of contrast and resolution obtained with different types of radiation sources on steel thicknesses from 5 to 40 mm. These results have been taken into account with the definitions of the European standard for radiographic inspection of weldments (EN 1435) that is approved since 1997. Conclusions from practical investigations on pipe line sites, in petrochcemical plants and in nuclear power stations will be discussed as well. Furthermore, the presentation will stipulate a variety of advantages obtained from the new source in terras of coUimation and radiation protection. 

Radiation methods Radiation protection Radiation shielding... 

Radiation. Protection against high voltage and fixed isotope sources of radiation is usually a matter of shielding and the observance of strict... 

J. E. Gray, Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Radiation Protection andNew Medical... 

Radiation protection, ie, the limits on radiation dose to workers and the pubHc are specified. Exposure is maintained as low as reasonably achievable... 

Code of Federal Regulations, Tide 40, Protection of Environment, Part 190, Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Nuclear Power Operations, Washington, D.C., 1976. 

Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air and in Water for Occupational Exposure, ReportNo. NCRP, No. 22, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Washington, D.C., 1959. 

U.S. radiation protection guidelines are estabHshed by the National CouncH on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) and are based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The National Research CouncH also sponsors a report from its advisory committee on the biological effects of ionizing radiations (20). 

J. Shapiro, Radiation Protection 3rd ed.. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1990. 

Where these limits are impracticable having regard to the nature of the work the employer may apply a dose limit of 100 mSv in any period of 5 consecutive months subject to a maximum effective dose of 50 mSv in any single calendar year, and to prior approval by the Radiation Protection Adviser, the affected employee(s), and the Health and Safety Executive. 

Appoint a Radiation Protection Adviser all staff involved with radioactive work should be adequately trained and instructed. 

Prepare as appropriate written rules for work in designated areas and appoint Radiation Protection Supervisors. 

Connor, K.J., and McLintock, I.S. (1995) Radiation Protection Handbook for Laboratory Workers, H H Scientific Consultants. 

HS(G)63 Radiation protection offsite for emergency services m the event of a nuclear accident... 

To ensure that during normal operation, maintenance and decommissioning, and in emergency situations, the radiation exposure to workers and the public is kept below the dose limits given in the Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection (BSS). The standards are set at a maximum of 5 REM annually and a maximum of 3 REM quarterly. 

Deals with issues that affect the quality of our air and protection from exposure to harmful radiation. OAR de >el-ops national programs, technical policies, and regulations for controlling air pollution and radiation exposure. Areas of concern to OAR include indoor and outdoor air quality, stationaiy and mobile sources of air pollution, radon, acid rain, stratospheric ozone depletion, radiation protection, and pollution prevention. 

The antiadrenaline and antinoradrenaline activity of iV-benzyl-A -2 -halogenoethyl 2-thenylamines has been studied, " as has the radiation protective action of iV-phenylamidines of thiophenecarboxylic acid in white rats. ... 

Anti-inflammatory [62BRP897870, 62BRP898414 73GEP(O)2261095 74USP3850932 77USP4053600), antitumor (92KFZ30), and radiation-protective (92KFZ30) properties were documented for some compounds of this system. 

Strahlen-pilz, m. actinomyces. -schutz, m. protection from radiation, protective screen, -sonne, /. Biol.) astrosphere. -stein, m. = Strahlstein. -werfen, n. radiation. 

The radiation sensitivity of polymers and monomers is characterized by a G value the number of radicals formed per 100 e.v. (16 aJ) absorbed. Radiation sensitive groups include -COOH, C-halogen, -S02-, -NH2 and -C=C, Radiation resistant groups are aromatic rings. It appears that the presence of aromatic moieties also offers some degree of radiation protection to the polymer chain as a whole. 

Reference to standards for radiation protection and any other appropriate voluntary standards relating to safety or effectiveness. 

Polymers can be radiation protected by stabilizing additives (antirads) through two principal... 

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