Active safety

Hanna G, Lalezari J, HelUnger J, Wohl D, Masterson T, Fiske W, Kadow J, Lin P, Giordano M, Colonno R, Grasela D (2004) Antiviral activity, safety, and tolerability of a novel, oral smaU-molecule HlV-1 attachment inhibitor, BMS-488043, in HIV-1-infected subjects a novel, oral small-molecule HlV-1 attachment inhibitor, BMS-488043, in HIV-1-infected subjects. In 11th conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections, San Francisco, CA... 

Bain VG, Kaita KD, Yoshida EM, Swain MG, Heathcote EJ, Neumann AU, FisceUa M, Yu R, Osborn BE, Cronin PW, Ereimuth WW, McHutchison JG, Subramanian GM (2006) A phase 2 study to evaluate the antiviral activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of recombinant human albumin-interferon alfa fusion protein in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 44 671-678... 

Although active safety is provided by the control systems mentioned above, passive safety is an additional important feature of a distributed plant. Due to the low inventory, even a total release of the reaction volume or an explosion would create no significant impact on the environment [139]. To prevent such scenarios, a total containment of the plant is envisaged it needs to be sealed for life . Hydrogen cyanide synthesis and chlorine point-of-sale manufacture are two examples for safety-sensitive distributed syntheses. 

These proposed passive safety systems minimize the need for active safety installations in storage, such as the provision of water cooling or water curtains. 

To obtain an answer to the research questions posed, pro-active safety indicators used in today s chemical process industry were analysed and the deviations upon which they are based were compared with deviations present in the accident trajectories of 70 recent accidents. By comparing these two sets of deviations, it was observed that although re-occurring deviations with no direct perceived safety related consequences were present in the majority of accident trajectories they were nevertheless not addressed by the commonly used pro-active safety indicators. These so-called indirect perceived safety related deviations may therefore be more important indications of a possible accident than was thought previously. 

Risk coverage area of pro-active safety indicators... 

In the next Section the implications of this analysis for developing a method which can serve as a pro-active safety risk indicator are shown. 

From this analysis it appears that a huge discrepancy exists between deviations prior to accidents, that can be found in normal operation and the pro-active safety indicators and methods in current use. The re-occurring indirect safety related deviations that are the dominant class of events causing accidents are therefore defined as the precursors for accidents, as stated in Chapter 1. Furthermore, from Table 5 it can be concluded that a clear link between risk reduction and the normal way of working is not explicitly present in one of the three methods. Finally, the feasibility of methods (except PRISMA) needs some attention additional expert knowledge is often necessary to apply the method. The focus of the method indicating safety risks developed in this thesis will lie especially on these three criteria. 

In the previous Chapter it was shown that most accidents are preceded by deviations in the operational process, e.g. Heinrich (Heinrich, 1959), Turner (Turner, 1978), Leplat (Leplat, 1987), Reason (Reason, 1997), etc. Additionally, it was shown that a specific class of deviations is present which is not covered by current pro-active safety indicators. These deviations are characterised by a high likelihood and low perceived safety related consequences and were defined as precursors and re-occur in the operational process of the organization prior to an accident. In order to find these deviations in a real life operation and to eventually find their underlying causes, the concepts of re-occurring deviation and operational process have to be explained in more detail. The various definitions and concepts derived in this Chapter are necessary to understand the next Chapters, which shows how they are applied in practice. 

Table 6 A practical approach to identify pro-actively safety risks.

Instead of the conventional ceiling-mounted, chain activated safety showers, all laboratories are furnished with one or more... 

In February of 1988, however, Chu—and researchers working on their own at the National Institute for Metals at Japan s City of Brains, at Tsukuba—came up with something that finally seemed legitimate. The compounds used by the two groups were very similar, mixtures of bismuth—a crystalline metal used to make alloys, heat-activated safety devices for fire detection and sprinkler systems, and medical and cosmetic preparations—strontium, calcium, copper, and oxygen (Chu s also contained aluminum). The Japanese ceramic had zero resistance at 105° K, Chu s at 114° K. 

Single-dose prophylaxis is appropriate for many types of surgery. First-generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefazolin) are the mainstay for prophylaxis in most surgical procedures because of their spectrum of activity, safety, and cost. 

It has been generally believed that the pharmacological activity, safety, and tissue distribution of a drug is related to the unbound fraction of a drug in plasma rather than the total concentration, due to its ability to cross the membranes and interact with receptors [81-88], For the majority of drugs, the free fraction in human plasma is usually constant among individuals hence the therapeutic effect is most often correlated with the total concentration. However, this approach may not be appropriate... 

Yaw-rate sensors recognize roll-over accidents and activate safety equipment, such as head airbags, to protect the passengers. 

Fuzes usually incorporate protective features that enable the projectile to reach a safe distance from the weapon before they become active. Safety devices may lock the firing fuze mechanism until acceleration moves the lock backwards in a manner restricted by an escapement. Multiple locks may operate sequentially until the projectile is well under way before the projectile is armed. Proximity fuzes can be locked electronically, although these projectiles may be protected with a system that controls the time at which the detonator is placed in alignment with the main charge. 

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