Safeguarding

The demand for domestic gas changes seasonally in temperate climates, and production levels reflect this change. For example a sudden cold day in Northern Europe causes a sharply increased requirement for gas, and gas sales contracts in this region will allow the purchaser to demand an instant increase (up to a certain maximum) from the supplier. To safeguard for seasonal swings, imported gas is frequently stored in underground... 

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

Free movement, market surveillance and safeguard clause... 

Where a Member State ascertains tliat a product, bearing the CE-marking and used in accordance with its intended use, is liable to endanger the safety of persons or health, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such a product from the market. That Member State shall immediately Inform the Commission which is obliged to investigate whether or not the measure is justified. Where the Commission considers that the measure is justified, it shall immediately inform the Member State which took the initiative and also the other Member States. This entails that the other Member States must also take action against the product concerned. That latter disposition is referred to as the safeguard clause. 

Its purpose is twofold first of all to prevent any particles of the analysis sample, which is to be added next, from percolating through the coarse porous w ire-form " copper oxide and so into that portion of the tube heated by the furnace and secondly as a heat insulator, to present the sample being heated too rapidly by the nearby furnace. Both these safeguards are required, as otherwise some portion of the sample would be decomposed as soon as the furnace was sw-itched on the nitrogen so produced would be carried away during the initial sweeping of the air out of the tube with the carbon dioxide stream, and would not be collected. Low results w ould thus be obtained. 

The notes on First Aid have been based on the memorandum Safeguards in the Laboratory compiled by the Science Masters. Association and the Association of Women Science Teachers. This report has, however, been considerably modified and amplified for our purpose, and we are greatly indebted to Dr. F. B. Parsons, M.D., for very kindly supervising our final draft and thus ensuring its medical accuracy. 

Beryllium and its salts are toxic and should be handled with the greatest of care. Beryllium and its compounds should not be tasted to verify the sweetish nature of beryllium (as did early experimenters). The metal, its alloys, and its salts can be handled if certain work codes are observed, but no attempt should be made to work with beryllium before becoming familiar with proper safeguards. 

Chromium compounds are toxic and should be handled with proper safeguards. 

In an increasingly technological society, the world s per capita resources have difficulty keeping up. Society s demands, however, must be satisfied while at the same time safeguarding the environment to allow future generations to continue to enjoy planet Earth as a hospitable home. Establishing an equilibrium between mankind s needs and the environment is a challenge we must meet. 

The arrest of deterioration and the prevention of its recurrence has higher priority than restoration. Thus, identification of the causes of a problem and the design of measures to stabilize and consoHdate the object are primary considerations. Removal of the symptoms and restoration of the visual appearance comes only after the physical iategrity has beea safeguarded. 

Plasma Collection. Human plasma is collected from donors either as a plasma donation, from which the red cells and other cellular components have been removed and returned to the donor by a process known as plasmapheresis, or in the form of a whole blood donation. These are referred to as source plasma and recovered plasma, respectively (Fig. 1). In both instances the donation is collected into a solution of anticoagulant (146) to prevent the donation from clotting and to maintain the stabiUty of the various constituents. Regulations in place to safeguard the donor specify both the frequency of donation and the volume that can be taken on each occasion (147). 

Eactory Mutual Engineering Corp. 1151 Boston-Providence Turnpike Norwood, Mass. 02062 Standards for safety equipment, safeguards for flammable Hquids, gases, dusts, industrial ovens, dryers, and for protection of buddings from wind and other natural ha2ards. 

The rate (kinetics) and the completeness (fraction dissolved) of oxide fuel dissolution is an inverse function of fuel bum-up (16—18). This phenomenon becomes a significant concern in the dissolution of high bum-up MO fuels (19). The insoluble soHds are removed from the dissolver solution by either filtration or centrifugation prior to solvent extraction. Both financial considerations and the need for safeguards make accounting for the fissile content of the insoluble soHds an important challenge for the commercial reprocessor. If hydrofluoric acid is required to assist in the dissolution, the excess fluoride ion must be complexed with aluminum nitrate to minimize corrosion to the stainless steel used throughout the facility. Also, uranium fluoride complexes are inextractable and formation of them needs to be prevented. 

The hulls are the first material removed from the process to merit concern in respect to safeguards. These represent a possible route for special nuclear material (SNM) to be clandestinely removed from the system. Special instmmentation is used to assay the hulls containers for residual SNM. This step not only monitors the dissolver for proper functioning, but also serves an accountancy function as a material access area portal and enables the satisfaction of contractual requirements regarding process losses (40). 

If a trade secret is beHeved to have been violated, a judge must initially decide whether or not it actuaHy existed. Such determination is based ia part oa the manner ia which the trade secret was protected and also on such considerations as the commercial value of the information, the manner ia which the information was safeguarded, and the manner ia which the information was stolea or otherwise fouad ia the pubHc domaia. These are also some of the initial factual determiaatioas which must be made whea considering trade secret protectioa. 

The life of a trade secret may extend indefinitely if the owner of the secret has taken the proper steps to safeguard the iavention, in contrast to a 17-yr patent term, after which time the iavention is in the pubHc domain. TraditionaHy, trade secrets have been protected by confidentiaHty agreements, nondisclosure agreements, and employment agreements. 

The protection of a trade secret is a complex task dependent upon any number of factors. The mere formation of an intention to maintain information as secret is not enough actual safeguards must be put into place. The owner of a trade secret must identify the information as a trade secret and protect the information from disclosure. Means used to prevent disclosure might include the following ... 

The Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1988 amended the FD C Act to estabUsh newer safeguards for the national distribution of prescription dmg products. It limits the reimportation of dmg products manufactured in the United States to the product manufacturers only. It also prohibits the selling, trading, and purchasing of sample dmg products and places restrictions upon their distribution. 

There are explosion hazards with phthahc anhydride, both as a dust or vapor in air and as a reactant. Table 11 presents explosion hazards resulting from phthahc anhydride dust or vapor (40,41). Preventative safeguards in handling sohd phthahc anhydride have been reported (15). Water, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or foam may be used to extinguish the burning anhydride. Mixtures of phthahc anhydride with copper oxide, sodium nitrite, or nitric acid plus sulfuric acid above 80°C explode or react violently (39). 

Proceedings, Plutonium Information Meetingforan ad hoc Subcommittee oftheAdvisoy Committee on Reactor Safeguards, CONE—740115, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, N.M., 1974. 

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