Directives safeguards

In the framework of the new approach third parties have a particular responsibility. Their task has become more difficult especially in cases where products are manufactured directly to the essential requirements. In that case competent interpretation and judgement needs to be applied in order to evaluate whether the required safety level is achieved or not. Not only safeguard clauses and their economic consequences should be avoided but also possible distortion of the market. An exchange of experience between bodies which are notified for a given directive is therefore normally organised with a view to ensuring its coherent application and to avoid such negative consequences. 

Benedick, R. E., "Ozone Diplomacy New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet." Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991. 

When looking at one-time problems, it is important to consider whether this could have directly led to an undesired consequence, such as an accident or incident or a noncompliance situation, or if there is another level of safeguard. If it is concluded that the problem or weakness could have directly led to an undesired consequence, the system design should be reviewed to find a way in which a safeguard can be provided. Systematic issues require a redesign of the system to remove the potential for the problem. 

Schmitz and the other directors, remaining in Berlin, then approached the Goering circle. From March until June, they reminded Goering repeatedly that there were many Jews in the Austrian chemical industry who should be replaced by Aryans, whom Farben stood ready to supply. Even before a decision was made, Schmitz prepared the directives which would "safeguard uniform Farben interests" ... 

The primary causes of this event were a direct result of systems, which resulted in a low level of TMAA stability. We had enjoyed freedom from accidents for years because a great many people worked very hard to see that everything was in order however, there were not enough systems with built-in safeguards to ensure that the probability of failure was as low as we really wanted. This analysis pointed out the need for systems studies and subsequent improvements if we were to be satisfied with future performance. Space will not allow detailed discussion of all problems found and their ramifications however, key deficiencies are listed below without comment ... 

Modern review boards or independent ethics committees (lECs) are required to act on behalf of the community in deciding whether the proposed research is justified on ethical grounds. They also act on behalf of members of the community in ensuring that there are sufficient safeguards to protect those individuals who directly participate in the research, and, for both the study subjects and those not directly participating, that confidentiality of participant s medical information will be maintained. 

Discontinuation trials, either controlled or open, usually are not likely to have any direct benefit and may well have real risks, such as relapse, suicide, and loss of employment. Such studies need additional scrutiny and safeguards to minimize risk and to strengthen consent procedures. There are some situations in which a discontinuation study may be considered. For example, to determine whether long-term treatment is needed, a study design might randomly assign patients who have responded successfully to a particular treatment to either a continuation or discontinuation of that treatment. Relapse rates across these two conditions could... 

While the soil-io-plam segment of ihe fond chain contains some built-in safeguards against fluorine loxicily. this loxicily occurs as a result nf Ihe deposition of airborne fumes and dusts on the above-ground parts of plants, followed hy ihe consumption of these contaminated plants by animals, including humans. Also, fluorine toxicity hits been caused hy direct inhalation of the fumes and dusts, or hy drinking water with abnormally high fluorine levels. If the fumes and dusts anc mixed into the soil, they wilt be inactivated, and they will nol find their way into the food chain in toxic amounls. 

To safeguard human health, the European Union (EU) has established safe maximum residue limits (MRLs) for residues of veterinary drugs in animal and food samples (2,3). The Council Directive 96/23/EU has established numbers of samples to be tested for each compound group (4). 

The Safeguard ABM system was declared operational on 1 October 1975, but the following day funding was drastically cut, and shortly thereafter Congress directed the US Army to deactivate the system... 

Although coal can be used directly in many stationary power plants equipped with appropriate environmental safeguards, it must be converted to a liquid before it can serve as a substitute for present-day transportation fuels or home heating oils. Liquids have been obtained from coal for many years. However, as a direct result of recent energy shortages, a major effort is now being made to develop new and improved coal liquefaction technologies. 

Y (which would be reconverted back to X by a direct photon reading process) into Z, a different, stable state of the system (lock), which can be optically detected without being destroyed (read). This process safeguards the change initially induced by the writing photon. When the written information is to be erased, Z is reconverted back to Y (unlock for example, by addition of a base, as in the example of Figure lc) and... 

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