Safeguard technique

IAEA 2003. Safeguards, Techniques and Equipment, pp. 82. Vienna, Austria International Atomic Energy Agency. 

Later we combine this determination of the iterates with safeguard techniques. 

Economic reasons may dictate the use of an inexpensive constructional material (i.e. steel protected by one of the methods discussed below) in place of a more resistant but more expensive material. Although all these corrosion control techniques could be used on a variety of materials, with appropriate design and safeguards, they are only rarely employed to protect any material other than steel. 

The CSB survey identified examples of modified or hybrid techniques to identify reactive hazard scenarios and ensure the implementation of adequate safeguards. For example, companies conducting reactions in batch chemical reactors often conduct HAZOP studies by evaluating deviations from... 

The HAZOP analysis technique uses a systematic process to (1) identify possible deviations from normal operations and (2) ensure that safeguards are in place to help prevent accidents. The HAZOP uses special adjectives (such as speed, flow, pressure, etc. see table 5.5) combined with process conditions (such as more, less, no, etc. see table 5.6) to systematically consider all credible deviations from normal conditions. The adjectives, called guide words, are a unique feature of HAZOP analysis. 

At high field strengths a conductance Increase Is observed both In solution of strong and weak electrolytes. The phenomena were discovered by M. Wien (6- ) and are known as the first and the second Wien effect, respectively. The first Wien effect Is completely explained as an Increase In Ionic mobility which Is a consequency of the Inability of the fast moving Ions to build up an Ionic atmosphere (8). This mobility Increase may also be observed In solution of weak electrolytes but since the second Wien effect Is a much more pronounced effect we must Invoke another explanation, l.e. an Increase In free charge-carriers. The second Wien effect Is therefore a shift in Ionic equilibrium towards free ions upon the application of an electric field and is therefore also known as the Field Dissociation Effect (FDE). Only the smallness of the field dissociation effect safeguards the use of conductance techniques for the study of Ionization equilibria. 

If proper safeguards are to be maintained economically, it is essential to define the extent of the hazard and identify the problem areas. Research is needed to determine the sites and duration of exposure and to measure the amounts of residues and their rates of dissipation. Such measurements can be made with precision. The problem is to use knowledge gained in a particular situation to provide guidelines or models which can be applied more generally to field operations. Such extrapolations are controversial and they may also be dangerous if they are in error. The symposium includes descriptions of techniques for measurement of exposure, and some contributors indicate the controversial aspects of solutions that have been proposed. 

It is not desirable to routinely use antibiotics in tissue culture. Antibiotics may limit growth of contaminants without eradicating them, ultimately having a detrimental effect on the cells. Sound tissue culture technique conducted in suitable facilities with appropriate equipment is sufficient to maintain established cell lines. However, hybridomas are expensive to produce and are often unique, and therefore the inclusion of antibiotics in the early expansion stages acts as an added safeguard against contamination. 

Techniques applied at IAEA Safeguard Analytical Laboratory on Iraq samples... 

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