Europe Northern

The demand for domestic gas changes seasonally in temperate climates, and production levels reflect this change. For example a sudden cold day in Northern Europe causes a sharply increased requirement for gas, and gas sales contracts in this region will allow the purchaser to demand an instant increase (up to a certain maximum) from the supplier. To safeguard for seasonal swings, imported gas is frequently stored in underground... 

The market for optical fiber worldwide in 1992 was 2.8 billion corresponding to 10 million fiber kilometers (Mfk) (38). This can be broken down into the U.S. market (3.7 Mfk), the rest of North America (0.4 Mfk), northern Europe (4.1 Mfk), eastern Europe (2.6 Mfk), the Pacific Rim (2.8 Mfk), and elsewhere (0.3 Mfk). Most of the optical fiber is manufactured by only a few companies, the largest of which are AT T and Coming. Other producers include Alcatel, Eujikura, Eurakawa, Northern Telecom, Pirelli, and Sumitomo. The market for optical fibers is projected to reach 3.5 biUion by 1998. In addition, according to ElectroniCast (San Mateo, Ca.), the total market for passive optical components, optical electronics, connectors, and fiber-optic cable is predicted to increase from 1.76 billion (U.S.) in 1992 to over 4 billion in 1997, and 10 billion by 2002. 

Ammonium chloride [12125-02-9], ammonium sulfate [7783-20-2], and diammonium phosphate [7708-28-0] have also been used for shale stabilization (102,103). Ammonium ions have essentially the same effect on shales as potassium ions but use of ammonium salts is often objectionable because of the alkaline nature of the mud. In the North Sea and northern Europe, where magnesium-bearing salt formations ate encountered, magnesium chloride [7786-30-3] is used, but in the United States it is used only on a small scale. 

Although the same measurement techniques for rainfall acidity have not been used over a long period of time and sampling has been carried out at relatively few locations, the trend between 1955-1956 and 1975-1976 was for the area with a pH of less than 4.6 to expand greatly over the eastern United States. The largest increases occurred over the southeastern United States, where industrialization grew rapidly during the period. The last several decades have also seen an increased area of lower pH over northern Europe. 

A much more common metabolic disorder, lactose intolerance, occurs commonly in most parts of the world (notable exceptions being some parts of Africa and northern Europe). Lactose intolerance is an inability to digest lactose because of the absence of the enzyme lactase in the intestines of adults. The symptoms of this disorder, which include diarrhea and general discomfort, can be relieved by eliminating milk from the diet. 

Wave size is determined by wind speed and fetch, the distance over the oceans surface which the wind travels. Favorable wind energy sites are generally western coastlines facing the open ocean such as the Pacific Coast of North America and the Atlantic Coast of Northern Europe. Norway, Denmark, Japan, and the United Kingdom are the world leaders in wave energy technologies. 

The conveyor belt is shown schematically in Fig. 10-11. Warm and salty surface currents in the western North Atlantic (e.g., the Gulf Stream) transport heat to the Norwegian-Greenland Seas where it is transferred to the atmosphere. This heat helps moderate the climate of northern Europe. The cooling increases the density resulting in formation of the now cold and salty North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) (Worthington, 1970). The NADW travels south through the North and South Atlantic and then joins the Circumpolar Current that travels virtually unimpeded in a clockwise direction around the Antarctic Continent. 

Annual mean temperatures in Europe are likely to increase more than the global mean. Seasonally, the largest warming is likely to be in northern Europe in winter and in the Mediterranean area in summer. 

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disorder prevalent among whites in North America and certain parts of northern Europe. It is characterized by chronic bacterial infections of the airways and sinuses, fat maldigestion due to pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, infertility in males due to abnormal development of the vas deferens, and elevated levels of chloride in sweat (> 60 mmol/L). 

In addressing the issue of postglacial history of S. latifolia (or its progenitor), it is necessary to consider where it existed during the time when ice covered most of northern Europe. The species is not well adapted to survive in cold conditions (Thompson, 1973), which Mastenbroek (1983) pointed out, likely accounts for the absence of this species in the more northerly parts of Europe. He went on to say that even southern Europe may not have provided the necessary conditions for growth, and that the species may have occupied refugia in Northern Africa during maximum ice cover. This issue cannot be resolved on the basis of the data at hand. 

An interesting dispersal scenario was described by the authors on the basis of the similarity of southern Finnish chemotypes to chemotypes found in the Netherlands, and other parts of Northern Europe. They suggest that tansy seeds, known to be common components of shipping ballast (Jutila, 1996), may have been transported to... 

Sinclair et al. (1998) also addressed the origin of the difference in distribution of mitotypes a and b in northern Europe, northern Erance, Germany, Poland, and southern Sweden for the former, and northern Sweden, Norway, and Einland for the latter. They prefer to view this distribntion as reflecting dual colonizations, one from the south through Denmark and the other from the northeast via Einland. Available data do not allow a resolntion to this problem at the moment. 

Wangberg I, Munthe J, Ebinghaus R, Gardfeldt K, and Sommar J. 2003. Distribution of TPM in Northern Europe. Sci Total Environ 304 53-59. 

Asia. In contrast, developed parts of the world including Australia, parts of western and northern Europe, Japan, and the United States have a lower prevalence. This is primarily due to vaccination programs, but outbreaks still can happen as evidenced by an outbreak in Pennsylvania in 2003.2,3... 

Case study DIP mill in Northern Europe produces Newsprint from DIP on two lines 70% ONP, 30% OMG. Approximately 300 t/d in each line. Prior to the trial the mill was suffering from severe decomposition of HP and was unable to control the brightness properly. 

Akerman, Susanna. Rose Cross over the Baltic the spread of Rosicrucianism in Northern Europe. Leiden Brill, 1998. 

Willard, Thomas S. Review of Rose Cross over the Baltic the spread of Rosicrucianism in Northern Europe. Rev. Thomas Willard. 19, 2 (Fall 2000) 23-25 [Review Article]., by Susanna Akerman. In Cauda Pavonis 19, no. 2 (Fall 2000) 23-25.. ... 

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