Temperate climates

Jumelle, H., Les Plantes a Tubercules Alimentaires des Climats Temperes et des Pays Chauds, Octave Doin et Fils, Paris, 1910. 

Sunflower grows in moderate climates (temperate to temperate-hot), especially in America, Europe, and China, predominantly at temperatures between 20°C and... 

A broad distinction must be made between seawater in the tropics and that in more temperate climates. Temperate seawater is much less corrosive because the ocean temperature is much lower and the magnesium salts are therefore sufficient to act as inhibitors. There is a gradual change from one condition to the other. Harbor waters in India and other tropical areas were compared by Deshmukh (1987) local biofouling affects results. Tchemov and Ilyin (1987) regard calcium carbonate content as more signiEcant than temperature in the Indian Ocean. Higher corrosion rates are likely in polluted seawater. 

Specifications for density, distillation curve and viscosity shown above are for products distributed in temperate climates. Other limits are required for arctic regions, particularly the Scandinavian countries. See Tables 5.13 and 5.14. 

In Europe, the classification of diesel fuels according to cold behavior is shown in Tables 5.13 and 5.14. The products are divided into ten classes, six for temperate climates, four for arctic zones. 

European diesel fuel specifications (EN 590 Standard). Requirements for temperate climatic zones. 

The European specifications require a minimum cetane number of 49 for the temperate climatic zones and the French automotive manufacturers require at least 50 in their own specifications. The products distributed in France and Europe are usually in the 48-55 range. Nevertheless, in most Scandinavian countries, the cetane number is lower and can attain 45-46. This situation is taken into account in the specifications for the arctic zone (Table 5.14). In the United States and Canada, the cetane numbers for diesel fuels are most often less than 50. 

The 15W40 or 15W50 oils are the most widespread in temperate climates (Western Europe), while the 20W40 or 20W50 oils are used in relatively warm climates (Mediterranean countries. Middle East, South America). The 5W or lOW grades are used in countries having severe winters such as Scandinavia and Canada. 

The demand for domestic gas changes seasonally in temperate climates, and production levels reflect this change. For example a sudden cold day in Northern Europe causes a sharply increased requirement for gas, and gas sales contracts in this region will allow the purchaser to demand an instant increase (up to a certain maximum) from the supplier. To safeguard for seasonal swings, imported gas is frequently stored in underground... 

The flax fiber from the aimual plant IJnum usitatissimum (flax family, Liuaceae) has been used siuce ancient times as the fiber for linen. The plant grows iu temperate, moderately moist climates, for example, iu Belgium, France, Ireland, Italy, and Russia. The plant is also cultivated for its seed, from which linseed oil is produced. A by-product of the seed plant is the tow fiber used iu papermakiug. 

Olefin oligomers are used widely as automotive lubricants. They often are combiaed with some of the organic esters as base fluids ia engine oils, gear oils, and hydrauHc fluids, eg, for equipment intended for operation ia extremely cold climates, and for premium oils, eg, for the service station market ia temperate climates. 

In temperate climates extracts from some plants were found to be excellent preservatives for hides and skins. The hides, with or without hair, were placed in pits in the ground, then covered with alternating layers of bark or leaves and skins. Water was added and later, ie, days or months depending on the thickness of the hide, the hides could be removed, washed, and oiled. The resulting leather is flexible and lasts essentially forever. This procedure was used well into the seventeenth century as the most common method of tanning. In some isolated primitive societies, the method is used in the 1990s. 

Sugarcane is cultivated ia tropical and semitropical regions, eg. Central and South America, Cuba, India, AustraUa, Africa, and the Ear East. Sugarbeets are grown ia more temperate climates such as North America, Europe, and the former Soviet Union. In some nations, eg, the United States, China, and Japan, sucrose is produced from both sources. 

Solar Evaporation. Recovery of salts by solar evaporation (1 3) is favored in hot dry climates. Solar evaporation is also used in temperate 2ones where evaporation exceeds rainfall and in areas where seasons of hot and dry weather occur. Other factors (4,5) affecting solar pond selection are wind, humidity, cloud cover, and land terrain. 

Soil Temperature. In temperate climates, NO and NjO emission rates increase with increasing soil temperature and a response to diurnal and seasonal temperature variations has been reported freqnently." Activation energies for both soil NO and NjO emissions are usually in the range of 30-150 kJ mol ... 

Soluble salts of the soil Water in the soil should most properly be considered as the solvent for salts of the soil the result being the soil solution. In temperate climates and moderate rainfall areas, the soil solution is relatively dilute, with total dissolved salts ranging from 80 to 1 500 p.p.m. Regions of extensive rainfall show lower concentrations of soluble salts as the result of leaching action. Conversely, soils in arid regions are usually quite high in salts as these salts are carried to the surface layers of the soil by water movement due to surface evaporation. 

However, this structure does not give the same properties, and the polymer degrades slowly, eliminating HCl. Plastisols (PVC -t- plasticiser) lose gloss rapidly and gradually chalk even in temperate climates, but the high film thicknesses that lower cost permits lead to long life. 

The strippable films deposited from solvents in the cold are much thinner (= 0.05-0.25 mm) than those from the hot-dip materials, and their protective properties are not nearly so good. A possible difficulty which must be watched for is the development of brittleness on ageing and consequent difficulty of stripping. Latex films containing inhibitors such as sodium benzoate have been found to deteriorate under tropical conditions, but may have a use in more temperate climates. 

Fruits are seasonal in temperate climates, and a good harvest may be followed by a shortage if there is no method of preservation. The hard fruits, apples and pears, have traditionally been stored in cool places and may then last for several months, depending on the variety Refrigeration has extended the storage life, and made this more reliable. 

For that reason, it is an excellent summer drink. I have discovered that the gimlet is also an unexpectedly sophisticated fall-to-winter drink. Who wants to warm up, I realized, when you can have cool rational thoughts in temperate climates like the lobbies of good hotels on career changes, relationship breakups and other personal accounting The gimlet can be a serious work tool. 

These data show that both models identify important variables that affect 5 Obody w.ier and 8 Ophospha in mammals. Both serve to identify the dikdik as an outlier which may be explained by their sedentary daytime pattern. On the other hand, the body-size model (Bryant and Froelich 1995), which may reliably predict animal 5 0 in temperate, well-watered regions, does not predict 8 Opho,phaw in these desert-adapted species. The second model (Kohn 1996), by emphasizing animal physiology independent of body size, serves to identify species with different sensitivities to climatic parameters. This, in conjunction with considerations of behavior, indicate that certain species are probably not useful for monitoring paleotemperature because their 5 Obodyw er is not tied, in a consistent way, to The oryx, for example, can... 

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