Bulk Analysis for Safeguards Purposes

3 BULK ANALYSIS AND SINGLE PARTICLE ANALYSIS 5.3.1 Bulk Analysis for Safeguards Purposes 

The term environmental swipe samples used in many studies should be understood as referring to collection of samples for safeguards purposes in and around the facility where nuclear materials are processed and manufactured. This should not 

Method optimization and validation were performed with a standard (CRM NBS U2000) that contained 20% enriched uranium. The relative errors were below 1% 

Methods for bulk analysis and particle analysis of nuclear materials for detection of undeclared activities were described in a review article (Piksaikin et al. 2006). The bulk detection methods included radiometry (alpha, beta, and gamma spectrometry) based on the natural decay of the radionuclides, including the use of 234Th/23°Th gamma activity ratio for age determination (see detailed discussion later) and ratio that should be about 21 for undisturbed ores higher in mining 

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