Safeguards and physical protection

The design of a spent fuel storage facility and its relevant systems should take account of safeguards and related requirements for physical protection, and should facilitate their resolution. 

Physical protection arrangements which permit access only to authorized personnel shall be provided in order to deter and detect unauthorized access to storage structures or to areas where irradiated fuel is handled or stored. The design of spent fuel storage facilities shall include measures or systems to detect and deter any unauthorized diversion of nuclear materials from spent fuel handling and storage areas. 

---

The consignor may also be required to provide evidence that measures to meet the requirements for safeguards and physical protection associated with radioactive nuclear material shipments are being complied with. 

Domestic safeguards directed toward subnational terrorist groups have the following constituents material accountancy, material control, and physical protection. It has been recognized that none of the three is capable by itself of preventing theft by insiders and/or outsiders. However, by complementing each other the risks may be reduced greatly. 

The reactor was operated by the Nuclear Studies Centre, which belongs to the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico — UNAM) and was mainly used for training. The reactor was offered to UNAM by Siemens in 1971 and reached criticality in September 1972. In 1984 the reactor was shut down because utilization was very limited. The reactor was dismantled in 1989 and the fuel was sent to the ININ for surveillance and physical protection, as required by safeguards regulations. 

Proliferation resistance and physical protection Broader reliance on intrinsic proliferation-resistance features, specifically, to facilitate inqjlementation of the extrinsic measures such as safeguards. 

The NRC issued regulations in 1978 for physical protection of plants in which special nuclear material is used. Among other requirements, each nuclear power reactor, as a condition of its license, is required to have a safeguards contingency plan. A Regulatory Guide (RG 5.54) was issued to provide guidance on the format and contents of such a plan. 

EC DG (Directorate General) ENER programs related to nuclear safety radioactive waste and spent fuel radiation protection decommissioning of nuclear facilities safeguards to avoid misuse security (physical protection) http //www.Euratom.org/ and http //ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/nuclear-energy. 

Initially, the Health Safety at Work Act 1974, was designed to make those persons who created and controlled risk responsible for ensuring persons exposed to these risks were safeguarded from them. This meant employers, directors, managers and supervisors etc had direct responsibility for the safety of their work operation. This change was so fundamental because previous legislation such as the Factory Act, based itself on the physical aspects of work, for example, guarding and fall protection. 

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the term used for a variety of physical devices used to protect the body from hazards. Industrial hazards include impact, excess noise, heat, cold, and noxious chemicals of many different kinds and actions. The type of PPE we are concerned with here, of course, is equipment that can provide protection against hazardous chemicals. Protection may be required specifically for the face and eyes, skin, and the respiratory system, and each may need a different kind of safeguard. However, as previously stated, except in emergencies and special circumstances, PPE should not be relied on as the primary or sole approach to protection. Primary attack at the source by administrative and engineering means must always be considered paramount. 

Appropriate additional safeguards have been included to protect the rights and welfare of participants who are members of a particularly vulnerable group/ such as persons with acute or severe physical or mental illness or persons who are economically or educationally disadvantaged. 

---