Safeguards procedures

Traditional safeguards measurements involve primarily the elemental and isotope analysis of nuclear materials encountered in declared plants and processes. New safeguard procedures, designed to verify that no illegitimate activity takes place clandestinely, lead to the more stringent performance of other analytical measurements. The following are examples of such additional measurements ... 

The technical objective of the safeguards procedures set forth in the Agreement, as described in Article 28, which relates to the timely detection of diversion of significant quantities of nuclear material, and deterrence of such diversion by the risk of early detection, does not imply that any minimum quantity of nuclear material is required for the application of safeguards. 

Guards and guard devices may not provide enough protection for all the operations and activities involved in the use, maintenance, cleaning and repair of machines and tools. Several safeguarding procedures will help prevent accidents from occurring. Remember, procedures do not remove hazards. 

Safeguards procedures vary also according to the type of facility and the physical form under which nuclear materials appear. Two types of facilities are considered. 

Safeguards procedures must be designed keeping in mind that the safety of the isolation system is an absolute priority. In other words, the integrity of the natural barriers should not be threatened, due to surveillance and monitoring ... 

You must report suspicions of abuse or neglect. Safeguarding procedures will guide your plan as Jeremy is a vulnerable adult and you have concerns about significant harm or risk of harm. 

For institutional barriers against proliferation, it is proposed that a waste transmutation complex consisting of multiple units of the PEACER be run by an international organization in compliance with the IAEA safeguard procedures. Another approach is related to the denaturing of the fissile materials with isotopes that would complicate the use of the reactor fuel for weapon programmes. As a measure of the extent of denaturing, the odd ratio is defined as follows ... 

The number of purposes is large the amount of detail necessary in the report depends upon the uses to be made of it. Enforcement agencies look for evidence of blame, claims specialists look for evidence of liability, trainers look for enough material for a case study. From the viewpoint of prevention, the purpose of the investigation and report is to establish whether a recurrence can be prevented, or its effects lessened, by the introduction of safeguards, procedures, training and information, or any combination of these. 

NFPA 327 Standard Procedures for Cleaning or Safeguarding Small Tanks and Containers without Entry, 1993 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Certain tools are perishable i.e. they are consumed during the process. Others are reusable after maintenance and this is where adequate controls need to be in place. The tool control system needs to cover tool selection, set-up, tool change, and tool maintenance You will need procedures for withdrawing maintainable tools from service, performing the maintenance, and then putting the tools back into service. You need to build in safeguards that prevent worn tools being used and to replenish tools when their useful life has expired. 

Maintenance embraces regular inspection, periodic examination by competent persons , and repairs. All maintenance on equipment used with chemicals should be properly planned and recorded. Maintenance operations, particularly those which are non-routine, require a sound system of work with strict administrative procedures, e.g. permit-to-work, to avoid risks arising from modifications to established safe practices. A permit-to-work should be used wherever the method by which a job is done is likely to be critical to the safety of the workers involved, nearby workers, or the public it is required whenever the safeguards provided in normal operations are no longer available. Examples include ... 

The accident could have been prevented with better operating procedures and better training to make the operators appreciate the consequences of mistakes. Modern plants use interlocks or sequence controllers and other special safeguards to prevent this type of error. 

Know what safeguards are (or need to be) in place to prevent uncontrolled reactions from taking place, including how to avoid them altogether (inherently safer design/operations) and how to control them within safe limits (automatic controls, procedures, etc.). 

What-If Analysis What-If/ Checklist Review Scenario- based Inductive By what-if question and/or checklist item Relatively standard operations Good for both procedure-based and continuous operations Mostly appropriate for simpler processes, although capable of developing and analyzing multiple-safeguard scenarios Only looks at causes prompted by checklist and what-if questioning Moderate... 

Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Study Scenario- based Inductive/ deductive By deviation from intended operation Processing systems with parameters such as flow, pressure, and temperature Good for both procedure-based and continuous operations Can analyze complex processes with multiple safeguards Only looks at causes that could lead to identified deviations Higher... 

Analysis and Safeguards Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries ISBN 0750615478 Guidelines for Safe Storage and Handling of Reactive Materials Guidelines for Process Safety in Batch Reaction Systems Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, Second Edition with Worked Examples... 

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