Procedures safeguarding

For numerous case histories of the ways in which the individual accused of mental illness is unprotected by procedural safeguards, see Thomas S. Szasz, Law, Liberty, and Psychiatry. For four extensive case records of the denial, on psychiatric grounds, of the right to trial guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution, see Thomas S, Szasz, Psychiatric Justice. 

Safety may be enhanced by using procedural safeguards, where the operator is instructed to take or avoid specific actions, or by designing safeguards into the system. The latter is much more effective. For example, if the potential error involves leaving out a critical action, either the operator can be instructed to always take that action or the action can be made an integral part of the process. A typical error... 

Procedural safeguards Operator responds to a high-level alarm Operator responds to a high-pressure alarm... 

Procedural safeguards rely upon people either to trigger an automated safety system or to carry out the response to an ongoing situation. For example, if an operator is expected to respond to an instrument alarm, say high level in T-lOO, then his or her response constitutes a procedural... 

Typically procedural safeguards are applied when the variable in question has gone beyond its safe limit value. In practice, alarms will often be initiated before that value has actually been reached. In other words, the alarm will sound to indicate that an unsafe condition is being approached. 

In addition to the physical and procedural safeguards In the handling of enriched uranium, a system of radiation detectors and alarms Is to be provided in stsrateglc points In the Irradlated-fuel handling areas. These detectors will only be able to signal a criticality situation after the fact. 

A large proportion of accidents connected with workshop machinery can be prevented by the use of reasonably practicable precautions. Broadly, such preventable accidents are caused by a failure to identify potential hazards, inadequate physical or procedural safeguards, or the removal or misuse of the safety devices provided or the systems of work approved. 

Price-Anderson amendment to 1954 Atomic Energy Act became law. Provided government indemnity in event of major reactor acddent. Also incorporated Senator Anderson s changes in licensing procedures. Safeguards Committee made a statutory body. 

NFPA 327 Standard Procedures for Cleaning or Safeguarding Small Tanks and Containers without Entry, 1993 edition. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Certain tools are perishable i.e. they are consumed during the process. Others are reusable after maintenance and this is where adequate controls need to be in place. The tool control system needs to cover tool selection, set-up, tool change, and tool maintenance You will need procedures for withdrawing maintainable tools from service, performing the maintenance, and then putting the tools back into service. You need to build in safeguards that prevent worn tools being used and to replenish tools when their useful life has expired. 

Maintenance embraces regular inspection, periodic examination by competent persons , and repairs. All maintenance on equipment used with chemicals should be properly planned and recorded. Maintenance operations, particularly those which are non-routine, require a sound system of work with strict administrative procedures, e.g. permit-to-work, to avoid risks arising from modifications to established safe practices. A permit-to-work should be used wherever the method by which a job is done is likely to be critical to the safety of the workers involved, nearby workers, or the public it is required whenever the safeguards provided in normal operations are no longer available. Examples include ... 

The accident could have been prevented with better operating procedures and better training to make the operators appreciate the consequences of mistakes. Modern plants use interlocks or sequence controllers and other special safeguards to prevent this type of error. 

Know what safeguards are (or need to be) in place to prevent uncontrolled reactions from taking place, including how to avoid them altogether (inherently safer design/operations) and how to control them within safe limits (automatic controls, procedures, etc.). 

What-If Analysis What-If/ Checklist Review Scenario- based Inductive By what-if question and/or checklist item Relatively standard operations Good for both procedure-based and continuous operations Mostly appropriate for simpler processes, although capable of developing and analyzing multiple-safeguard scenarios Only looks at causes prompted by checklist and what-if questioning Moderate... 

Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) Study Scenario- based Inductive/ deductive By deviation from intended operation Processing systems with parameters such as flow, pressure, and temperature Good for both procedure-based and continuous operations Can analyze complex processes with multiple safeguards Only looks at causes that could lead to identified deviations Higher... 

Analysis and Safeguards Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries ISBN 0750615478 Guidelines for Safe Storage and Handling of Reactive Materials Guidelines for Process Safety in Batch Reaction Systems Guidelines for Hazard Evaluation Procedures, Second Edition with Worked Examples... 

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