Commercial value

The monoalkyl ethers with R = CHj, CjHj and C4H, , known respectively as methyl ceUoaolve, ceUosolve and hutyl cellosolve, are of great commercial value, particularly as solvents, since they combine the properties of alcohols and ethers and are miscible with water. Equally important compounds are the carbitols (monoalkyl ethers of diethyleneglycol) prepared by the action of ethylene oxide upon the monoethers of ethylene glycol ... 

The azo dyes are not of any great practical value owing to their slight solubility in water. Th4 introduction of a sulphonic acid group into the molecide has no effect upon the colour, but renders the dye water-soluble—a fact of great commercial value. The simplest way of achieving this is to employ an amine, e.g., sulphanilic acid, in which the — OjH group is already present. 

Tobacco Alkaloids. The relatively small number of alkaloids derived from nicotinic acid (27) (the tobacco alkaloids) are obtained from plants of significant commercial value and have been extensively studied. They are distinguished from the bases derived from ornithine (23) and, in particular, lysine (24), since the six-membered aromatic substituted pyridine nucleus common to these bases apparendy is not derived from (24). 

Heterogeneous vapor-phase fluorination of a chlorocarbon or chlorohydrocarbon with HP over a supported metal catalyst is an alternative to the hquid phase process. Salts of chromium, nickel, cobalt or iron on an A1P. support are considered viable catalysts in pellet or fluidized powder form. This process can be used to manufacture CPC-11 and CPC-12, but is hampered by the formation of over-fluorinated by-products with Httle to no commercial value. The most effective appHcation for vapor-phase fluorination is where all the halogens are to be replaced by fluorine, as in manufacture of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene [677-21 ] (14) for use in polyfluorosiHcones. 

The inertness of chlorine in the meta position in Halex reactions is of commercial value. For example, 3,4-dichloronitroben2ene [99-54-7] forms 3-chloro-4-duoronitroben2ene [350-30-1/, which is then reduced to 3-chloro-4-duoroaniline [367-21-5] for incorporation in the herbicide damprop—isopropyl or the duoroquinolone antibacterials, nordoxacin and pedoxacin. 

Coal pyrolysis has been studied at both reduced and elevated pressures (136), and in the presence of a variety of agents and atmospheres (137). Although important to the study of coal stmcture and reactions, coal pyrolysis, as a means to generate Hquids, has proved to have limited commercial value. 

Ethylene glycol can be produced by an electrohydrodimerization of formaldehyde (16). The process has a number of variables necessary for optimum current efficiency including pH, electrolyte, temperature, methanol concentration, electrode materials, and cell design. Other methods include production of valuable oxidized materials at the electrochemical cell s anode simultaneous with formation of glycol at the cathode (17). The compound formed at the anode maybe used for commercial value direcdy, or coupled as an oxidant in a separate process. 

Table 4 gives typical analyses of some of the commercial manganese ores available ia the world market. Table 5 gives a breakdown of the world s total estimated manganese ore reserves that account for 98—99% of the known world reserves of economic significance. No manganese ores of commercial value are to be found ia the United States. 

Impurities in cmde metal can occur as other metals or nonmetals, either dissolved or in some occluded form. Normally, impurities are detrimental, making the metal less useful and less valuable. Sometimes, as in the case of copper, extremely small impurity concentrations, eg, arsenic, can impart a harmful effect on a given physical property, eg, electrical conductivity. On the other hand, impurities may have commercial value. For example, gold, silver, platinum, and palladium, associated with copper, each has value. In the latter situation, the purity of the metal is usually improved by some refining technique, thereby achieving some value-added and by-product credit. 

Wax Cracking. One or more wax-cracked a-olefin plants were operated from 1962 to 1985 Chevron had two such plants at Richmond, California, and Shell had three in Europe. The wax-cracked olefins were of limited commercial value because they contained internal olefins, branched olefins, diolefins, aromatics, and paraffins. These were satisfactory for feed to alkyl benzene plants and for certain markets, but unsatisfactory for polyethylene comonomers and several other markets. Typical distributions were C 33% C q, 7% 25% and 35%. Since both odd and... 

Trade secret rights are based on the complete absence of disclosure of the invention to anyone other than the owner. Oftentimes ideas, developments, and advances that are the subject of trade secret protection are those which may not be patentable, for any of a number of reasons. These reasons can include the nature and subject matter of the advance or development, as weU as the commercial value of the advance or development. In any instance, an individual, business, or corporation is weU-advised to consider all possible means of protection when reviewing an advance, development, or invention. 

The patentee should develop and implement a poHcy for auditing its patent portfoHo in the process of paying maintenance fees to the U.S. PTO. This practice should also be used to justify the further payment of aimuities to foreign national patent offices. Maintenance fees and aimuities can constitute a substantial portion of funds expended in the protection of patents over a year s time. Further, without a tangible, real commercial value or advantage stemming from the patent, there may be Htde justification for maintaining the patent over its last five years of life. 

If a trade secret is beHeved to have been violated, a judge must initially decide whether or not it actuaHy existed. Such determination is based ia part oa the manner ia which the trade secret was protected and also on such considerations as the commercial value of the information, the manner ia which the information was safeguarded, and the manner ia which the information was stolea or otherwise fouad ia the pubHc domaia. These are also some of the initial factual determiaatioas which must be made whea considering trade secret protectioa. 

Nitrosyl chloride, a product of the basic reaction, has no commercial value and is converted to salable chlorine and to nitric acid for recycling. 

Hydrolysis of primary amides cataly2ed by acids or bases is very slow. Even more difficult is the hydrolysis of substituted amides. The dehydration of amides which produces nitriles is of great commercial value (8). Amides can also be reduced to primary and secondary amines using copper chromite catalyst (9) or metallic hydrides (10). The generally unreactive nature of amides makes them attractive for many appHcations where harsh conditions exist, such as high temperature, pressure, and physical shear. 

The hydration of nitriles has been used to synthesize amides, for example, by treating stearonittile in ether with dry hydrochloric acid followed by the addition of water to give a 73—94% yield of stearamide or its hydrochloride (25). The long reaction time at 0°C and the use of ether make this route of tittle commercial value. 

Another subclass of substituted amides that is of great commercial value is the ethoxylated amides. They can be synthesized from alkanolamides by chain extending with ethylene or propylene oxide or by ethoxylation directly from the primary amide (46—48). It was originally beheved that the stepwise addition of ethylene oxide (EO) would produce the monoethano1 amide and then the diethanolamide when sufficient ethylene oxide was added (49), but it has been discovered that only one hydrogen of the amide is substituted with ethylene oxide (50—53). As is typical of most ethylene oxide adducts, a wide distribution of polyethylene oxide chain length is seen as more EO is added. A catalyst is necessary to add ethylene oxide or propylene oxide to a primary or an ethoxylated amide or to ethoxylate a diethoxy alkanolamide synthesized from diethanolamine (54). 

Eatty bisamides are used primarily to kicrease sHp, reduce blocking, and reduce static ki polymeric systems. Other specialty appHcations kiclude cosolvents or coupling agents for polyamide reskis, fillers for electrical kisulation coatings, additives for asphalt to reduce cold flow, and synthetic waxes for textile treatments (68). Bisamides have been used ki all the traditional primary amide appHcations to kicrease lubricity and have become the amide of choice because of thek better efficiency. Bisamides have the highest commercial value ki the amide market. 

This reaction, cataly2ed by uv radiation, peroxides, and some metal catalysts, eg, platinum, led to the production of a broad range of alkyl and functional alkyl trihalosilanes. These alkylsilanes have important commercial value as monomers and are also used in the production of sihcon fluids and resins. Additional information on the chemistry of sihcon hahdes is available (19,21—24). 

Nominal values commercial values may vary. Properties given are for the average compound containing 40 wt % siUcon dioxide. ... 

Silver in the +3 oxidation state, including silver peroxide, ie, black oxide, marketed as AgO, is obtained by the action of the vigorous oxidising agent S20 g on Ag20 or other Ag compounds. X-ray and neutron diffraction analyses show the nominal AgO unit cell to be Ag20 Ag202- Both Ag" and Ag " are present. Another compound of potentially important commercial value is Ag O, which has a unit cell of two Ag and two Ag ions. Its preparation is as follows ... 

Stilbene dyes have generally been important as direct dyes and fluorescent brighteners for ceUulosic fibers (4). Most stilbene dyes are yeUow and orange, with some examples of reds and browns and even a few blues. Brown stilbene dyes have commercial value as leather dyes (4). 

Distillation By-Products. Of the CTO distiHation by-products, ie, pitch, heads, and DistiHed TaH Oil (DTO), only the last, a unique mixture of rosin and fatty acids, has significant commercial value. Pitch and heads are used as fuel the former has a fuel value of 41,800 kj/kg. TaH oil heads have outstanding solvent properties, but also have a bad odor, which is hard to remove. They contain a relatively high fraction of palmitic acid which can be recovered by crystallization. 

Other products of commercial value, such as laurylthiopropionic acid [1462-52-8], C22H24SCH2CH2COOH, are produced starting from 3-mercaptopropionic acid [107-96-0], HSCH2CH2COOH, and unsaturated products.. 7- Alkylthiocarhoxylic acids and their potassium salts have been described and evaluated as surfactants (qv). They provide exceUent thermally stable behavior and good surface activity for their alkaline salts (4). 

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