Formyl methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine

Anton, P.A., Targan, S.R. and Shanahan, F. (1989). Increased neutrophU receptors for and response to the proinflammatory bacterial peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in Crohn s disease. Gastroenterology 97, 20-28. 

Stenson, W.F., Mehta, J. and Spilbeig, I. (1984). Sulfiasalazine inhibition of binding of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) to its receptor on human neutrophils. Biochem. Pharm. 33, 407-412. 

Von Ritter, C., Grisham, M.B. and Granger, D.N. (1989). Sulfasalazine metabolites and dapsone attenuate formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced mucosal injury in rat ileum. Gasteroenterolog 96, 811-816. 

McCall, C. E., Bass, D. A., DeChatelet, L. R., Link, A. S. J., Mann, M. (1979). In vitro responses of human neutrophils to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine correlation with effects of acute bacterial infection. J. Infect. Dis. 140,277-86. 

A-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) (Sigma) FMLP is prepared as a stock solution of 1 mM in ethanol and stored at -20°C. 

Studies of Lsc in neutrophils also suggest that localization may play a role in activation of Rho (Francis et al., 2006). Immunostaining showed that Lsc was largely distributed uniformly on the plasma membrane. After 5 min of stimulation with W-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), the Lsc became enriched in the leading and trailing edges of the cells, sites of active cytoskeletal reorganization in these stimulated cells. While simple translocation to the plasma membranes does not appear to be a viable mechanism for activation in this case, localization within the membrane to direct activity to specific sites is indicated. 

Maggi CA, Santicioli P, Del Bianco E, Giuliani S (1992) Local motor responses to bradykinin and bacterial chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) in the guinea pig isolated renal pelvis and ureter. J Urol 14 1944-1950... 

Marasco, W. A., Phan, S. H., Krutzsch, H., Showell, H. J., Feltner, D. E., Nairn, R., Becker, E. L., and Ward, P. A. (1984). Purification and identification of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine as the m or peptide neutrophil chemotactic factor produced by Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 259, 5430-5439. 

O Dowd, Y.M., El-Benna, J., Perianin, A., Newsholme, P. (2004). Inhihition of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimu-lated respiratory hurst in human neutrophils hy adrenaline inhihition of phospholipase A2 activity hut not p4YPhox pjjQspjjQjy]j,qon and translocation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 67 183-90. 

Neutrophil-mediated HA degradation was shown to be increased in the presence of the MPO inhibitor azide [104] and is inhibited by dimethylsulf-oxide [105] but not by metal chelators such as deferoxamine (DFO) or diethy-lenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). Selected specific enzymes are able to prevent the degradation of HA by stimulated neutrophils [106]. Interestingly, the ability to degrade HA seems to be specific to PMA-stimulated PMNs and is not observed with neutrophils stimulated by other compounds such as formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, concanavalin-A or digitonin. This may be related to the increased concentrations of H O generated in response to these stimuli, or a greater release of specific enzymes that consume the relevant reactive species [107]. 

Avdi, N.J., Winston, B.W., Russel, M., Young, S.K., Johnson, G.L. and Worthen, G.S. (1996). Activation of MEKK by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in human neutrophils. Mapping pathways for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, y. Biol. Chem. 271, 33598-33606. 

Chang, L.-C. and Wang, J.-P. (2000). Activation of p38 mitogen-activated kinase by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in rat neutrophils. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 390, 61-66. 

Hinder, M. (1998). Investigation on the effect of experimental phospholipase inhibitors on the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-stimulated chemotaxis of human leukocytes in vitro. Arzneim.-Forsch./Drug Res. 48, 77-81. 

Kanaho, Y., Kanoh, H., Saitoh, K. and Nozawa, Y. (1991). Phospholipase D activation by platelet activating factor, leukotriene B4, and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine in rabbit neutrophils. Phospholipase D activation is involved in enzyme release./. Immunol. 146, 3536-3541. 

Painter, R.G. and Aiken, M.L. (1995). Regulation of the N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptor recycling by surface membrane neutral endopeptidase-mediated degradation of ligand./. Leukoc. Biol. 58, 468-476. 

Marasco WA, Phan SH, Krutzsch H, et al. Purification and identification of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine as the major peptide neutrophil chemotactic factor produced by Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1984 259 5430—5439. 

Cassatella, M. A., Bazzoni, F., Ceska, M., Ferro, 1., Baggiolini, M., and Berton, G. (1992) 11 8 production by huyman polymorphonuclear leukocytes the chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine induces the gene expression and release of IL-8 through a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway. J. Immunol. 148,3216. 

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