Liquid chromatography coupling

One example of normal-phase liquid chromatography coupled to gas chromatography is the determination of alkylated, oxygenated and nitrated polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in urban air particulate extracts (97). Since such extracts are very complex, LC-GC is the best possible separation technique. A quartz microfibre filter retains the particulate material and supercritical fluid extraction (SPE) with CO2 and a toluene modifier extracts the organic components from the dust particles. The final extract is then dissolved in -hexane and analysed by NPLC. The transfer at 100 p.1 min of different fractions to the GC system by an on-column interface enabled many PACs to be detected by an ion-trap detector. A flame ionization detector (PID) and a 350 p.1 loop interface was used to quantify the identified compounds. The experimental conditions employed are shown in Table 13.2. 

GUO c, CAO G, SOFIC E and PRIOR R L (1997) High-performance liquid Chromatography coupled with coulometric array detection of electroactive components in fruits and vegetables Relationship to oxygen radical absorbance capacity, J Agric Food Chem, 45, 1787-96. 

For human studies, the choice of stable isotopes is limited because radioisotopes are associated with ionization radiation and thus with some potential harmful effects for humans. Studying the bioavailability of compounds labeled with stable isotopes requires complex techniques such as gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography coupled with MS (LC-MS), and atmo-... 

Tian, Q. et al., Screening for anthocyanins using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with precursor-ion analysis, product-ion analysis, common-neutral-loss analysis, and selected reaction monitoring, J. Chromatogr. A, 1091, 72, 2005. 

Hvattum, E., Determination of phenolic compounds in rose hip (Rosa canina) using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry and diode-array detection, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 16, 655, 2002. 

LC-MS Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry... 

LC-MS/MS Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry LC-NMR Liquid chromatography coupled with nuclear magnetic resonance TLC Thin-layer chromatography... 

Zhao, Q., Sannier, F., Garreau, I., Lecoeur, C., and Piot, J. M., Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with second-order derivative spectroscopy for the quantitation of aromatic amino acids in peptides application to hemorphins, /. Chromatogr. A, 723, 35, 1996. 

Wille K, Vanden Bussche J, Noppe H, De Wulf E, Van Caeter P, Janssen CR, De Brabander HF, Vanhaecke L (2010) A validated analytical method for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in surface-, sea- and sewagewater using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217(43) 6616-6622... 

Blonder, J., Rodriguez-Galan, M.C., Chan, K.C., Lucas, D.A., Yu, L.R., Conrads, T.P, Issaq, H. J., Young, H.A., Veenstra, T.D. (2004). Analysis of murine natural killer cell microsomal proteins using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J. Proteome Res. 3, 862-870. 

Gaucher, S.P., Taylor, S.W., Fahy, E., Zhang, B., Wamock, D.E., Ghosh, S.S., Gibson, B.W. (2004). Expanded coverage of the human heart mitochondrial proteome using multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J. Proteome Res. 3, 495-505. 

Shen, Y., Zhao, R., Berger, S.J., Anderson, G.A., Rodriguez, N., Smith, R.D. (2002). High-efficiency nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled on-line with mass spectrometry using nanoelectrospray ionization for proteomics. Anal. Chem. 74, 4235 1249. 

Capillary Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Capillary Electrophoresis for Analysis of Unlabeled Peptides and Proteins... 

W.E. Neff, W.C. Byrdwell, Characterization of model triacylglycerol (triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin) autoxidation products via high performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Journal of Chromatography A, 818, 169 186 (1998). 

G.C.H. Derksen, H.A.G. Niederlander and T.A. van Beek, Analysis of anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum L. by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array UV and mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 978, 119 127 (2002). 

M. Puchalska, K. Polec Pawlak, I. Zadrozna, H. Hryszko and M. Jarosz, Identification of indigoid dyes in natural organic pigments used in historical art objects by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, J. Mass Spectrom., 39, 1441 1449 (2004). 

Liquid chromatography, coupled to the different ionization sources, is generally the technique most used to characterize the phenolic profile in fruit and vegetable products. With regard to the source ionization, it seems that ESI is used more frequently than other sources, such as APCI or APPI. Another important aspect of this technique is the ionization of phenolic compounds. Negative ionization seems to be more suitable... 

Urpi-Sarda M, Jauregui O, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Jaeger W, Miksits M, Covas MI and Andres-Lacueva C. 2005. Uptake of diet resveratrol into the human low-density lipoprotein. Identification and quantification of resveratrol metabolites by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 77(10) 3149—3155. 

Buchberger et al. [104] carried out a selective determination of iodide in brine. The performance of a potentiometric method using an ion-selective electrode and of liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection at 230 nm were compared as methods for the determination of iodide in the presence of other iodide species. Satisfactory results were obtained from the potentiometric method provided the solution was first diluted tenfold with 5 M sodium nitrate, and external standards were used. Better reproducibility was, however, achieved with HPLC, provided precautions were taken to prevent reduction of iodine to iodide in the mobile phase, for which extraction of iodine with carbon tetrachloride prior to analysis was recommended. This was the pre-... 

The separation of mono-, di-, and tributyltin species in seawater by isocratic ion exchange liquid chromatography coupled to hydride generation AAS has been reported by Schulze and Lehmann [107]. Reported detection limits are 31,40, and 27 mol/1, respectively. 

SILVA, O, GOMES, E.T., WOLFENDER, J.L., MARSTON, A., HOSTETTMANN, K., Application of high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry to the characterisation of ellagitannins from Terminalia macroptera roots, Pharm. Res., 2000,17, 1396-1401. 

Jemal M., Xia Y., and Whigan D.B., 1998. The use of high-flow high performance liquid chromatography coupled with positive and negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for quantitative bioanalysis via direct injection of the plasma/serum samples. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 12 1389. 

Pruvost A. et al., 2000. Fully automated determination of eserine N-oxide in human plasma using online solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 35 625. 

Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the most usual technique applied for the detection of anionic [126-128], nonionic... 

M. A. Moseley, L. J. Deterding, K. B. Tomer, and J. W. Jorgenson. Nanoscale Packed-Capillary Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Using a Coaxial Continuous-Flow Fast Atom Bombardment Interface. Anal. Chem., 63(1991) 1467-1473. 

I. D. Wilson, J. K. Nicholson, J. Castro-Perez, J. H. Granger, K. A. Johnson, B. W. Smith, and R. S. Plumb. High Resolution Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to oa-TOF Mass Spectrometry as a Tool for Differential Metabolic Pathway Profiling in Functional Genomic Studies. J. Proteome Res., 4(2005) 591-598. 

Miege C, Dugay J, Hennion MC. Optimization, validation and comparison of various extraction techniques for the trace determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludges by liquid chromatography coupled to diode-array and fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A 2003 995 87-97. 

High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection [106, 107] or ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography with detection by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy [108] proved to be sensitive methods, but may lack from limitations in separation power and ease of identification of unknown products. 

Oswald EO, Albro PW, McKinney JD. 1974. Utilization of gas-liquid chromatography coupled with chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry for the investigation of potentially hazardous environmental agents and their metabolites. J Chromatogr 98(2) 363-448. 

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