Metabolic differentiation

Wink, M. (1989) Genes of secondary metabolism differential expression in plants and in vitro cultures and functional expression in genetically transformed microorganisms, in Primary and Secondary Metabolism of Plant Cell Cultures (ed. WG.W Kurz). Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 239-51. 

Bass, A., Brdtezka, D., Eyer, P, Hofer, S and J ette, l> (1969). Metabolic differentiation of distinct mu.sc1c types at the level of enzymatic organization. Ewr. /. Bioefutm. 10,198-206. 

Before any additive is to be used with a given cell type, it should first be tested to ensure that it has no detrimental effects on cell growth, metabolism, differentiation, protein expression, etc., and that it does indeed offer mechanical protection in agitated and/or aerated systems (bioreactors). 

G9. Golisch, G., Pette, D., and Piehlmeyer, H., Metabolic differentiation of rabbit skeletal muscle as induced by specific innervation. Eur. J. Biochem. 16, 110-116 (1970). 

Rosen, E. D. and Spiegehnan, B. M. 2001. PPAR gamma A nuclear regulator of metabolism, differentiation, and cell growth. J Biol Chem 276 37731-37734. 

Biological actions Adipocyte differentiation fatty acid uptake lipogenesis glucose uptake other effects on nutrient metabolism which lower hepatic glucose production... 

PPARy is a transcription factor which controls the expression of enzymes and proteins involved in fat and glucose metabolism. More importantly, stimulation of this receptor induces differentiation of preadipocytes to adipose cells. It is believed that the formation of additional, small fat cells lowers free fatty acids and hepatic triglycerides, thereby collecting insulin resistance. 

Phosphorylation is the reversible process of introducing a phosphate group onto a protein. Phosphorylation occurs on the hydroxyamino acids serine and threonine or on tyrosine residues targeted by Ser/Thr kinases and tyrosine kinases respectively. Dephosphorylation is catalyzed by phosphatases. Phosphorylation is a key mechanism for rapid posttranslational modulation of protein function. It is widely exploited in cellular processes to control various aspects of cell signaling, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell survival, cell metabolism, cell motility, and gene transcription. 

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