Liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry

J. Abian. The Coupling of Gas and Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom., 34(1999) 157-168. 

Moder M, Popp P, Eisert R, Pawliszyn J. Determination of polar pesticides in soil by solid phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray/mass spectrometry. Fresenius. J. Anal. Chem. 1999 363 680-685. 

Coupling of liquid chromatography to mass spectrometry has not only led to a wide variety of interfaces, but also initiated the development of new ionization methods. [8-13,62] In retrospect, the moving belt interface seems rather a curiosity than a LC-interface. The LC effluent is deposited onto a metal wire or belt which is heated thereafter to desolvate the sample. Then, the belt traverses a region of... 

Xia, Y.-Q., Bakhtiar, R., and Erankhn, R.B., Automated online dual-column extraction coupled with teicoplanin stationary phase for simultaneous determination of (R)- and (5)-propranolol in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. B, 788, 317, 2003. 

While the first coupling of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry had been reported in the late fifties [4] one had to wait for almost another 20 years before the direct interfacing of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was described by Arpino et al. [5]. With the direct liquid interface (DLI) the effluent of the chromatographic column was directly introduced in the electron impact source. Contrarily to gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS), LC-MS did do not catch on as rapidly. One of the reasons was that the MS interface could only handle LC fiow rates of a few microliters per minute. Another limitation was that electron impact or chemical ionization was not suit-... 

In atmospheric pressure ionization sources (API) the ions are first formed at atmospheric pressure and then transferred into the vacuum. In addition, some API sources are capable of ionizing neutral molecules in solution or in the gas phase prior to ion transfer to the mass spectrometer. Because no liquid is introduced into the mass spectrometer these sources are particularly attractive for the coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Pneumatically assisted electrospray (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) are the most widely used techniques. 

Coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry provides further unequivocal online spectrometric identification of individual analytes at the very low residue levels required by regulatory agencies for confirmatory analysis... 

Coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows unequivocal online spectrometric identification of all nitrofurans at the very low residue concentrations required by regulatory agencies for confirmatory analysis in animal-derived foods. Typical examples of mass spectrometry applications in confirming nitrofuran residues in edible animal products employ thermospray (174, 176), ionspray (166), or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (157) interfaces. 

Coupling of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry can provide unequivocal on-line spectrometric identification of anthelminthic residues in animal-derived foods. Typical applications of such techniques include the confirmation of moxidectin residues in cattle fat by liquid chromatography-thermospray mass spectrometry (352), and the confirmation of eprinomectin residues in bovine liver tissue by liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization, and multiple reaction monitoring in the MS-MS mode with positive ion detection (370). 

The number of detectors that are sensitive and selective enough to be applied online with LC is limited because the solvents used are not compatible, as in the case of immunochemical detection after reversed- or normal-phase LC. The technology of coupling is still under development and not yet available in a large number of laboratories not specialized in techniques such as LC-MS. Therefore, LC separations are frequently followed by offline detection. Confirmatory analysis of suspected liquid chromatographic peaks can be made possible by coupling liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization LC-MS has been employed for the identification of six steroid hormones in bovine tissues (448). 

B. Ardrey, Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry An Introduction (Chichester, UK Wiley, 2003) W. M. A. Niessen. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 2nd ed (New York Marcel Dekker, 1999) M. S. Lee, LC/MS Applications in Drug Development (New York Wiley, 2002) J. Abian, Historical Feature The Coupling of Gas and Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry, J. Mass Spectrom. 1999, 34, 157. 

Huang, M. Q., Mao, Y., Jemal, M., and Arnold, M. (2006). Increased productivity in quantitative bioanalysis using a monolithic column coupled with high-flow direct-injection liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 20 1709-1714. 

Xia, Y. Q., Hop, C. E., Liu, D. Q., Vincent, S. H., and Chiu, S. H. (2001). Parallel extraction columns and parallel analytical columns coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for on-line simultaneous quantification of a drug candidate and its six metabolites in dog plasma. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 15 2135-2144. 

J. Cai and J. Henion, Quantitative multi-residue determination of /3-agonists in bovine urine using on-line immunoaffinity extraction-coupled column packed capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry , 7. Chromatogr. 691 357-370 (1997). 

Giton F, Caron P, Berube R, Belanger A, Barbier O, Fiet J (2010) Plasma estrone sulfate assay in men comparison of radioimmunoassay, mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Clin Chim Acta 411 1208-1213... 

Micro-solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of stimulants, hallucinogens, ketamine and phencyclidine in oral fluids. Anal Chim Acta 675(2) 132-137. doi 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.011... 

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