Serum or plasma

As immediately after the reaction, elevated plasma histamine and serum or plasma tryptase levels of histamine and tryptase have been found [31, 34], an anaphylaxis may be confirmed by blood samples for histamine analysis drawn as soon as possible after the reaction and for tryptase drawn 1-2 h after onset of symptoms [31]. Tryptase values have to be compared to baseline levels. 

Driscoll TR, Hamdan HH, Wang G, et al. 1992. Concentrations of individual serum or plasma bile acids in workers exposed to chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Br J Ind Med 49 700-705. 

Total cholesterol greater than 240 mg/dL (6.22 mmol/L) High-density lipoprotein less than 40 mg/dL (1.04 mmol/L) Triglycerides greater than 200 mg/dL (2.26 mmol/L) Fasting blood serum or plasma glucose... 

The reference standards are used to quantitate the standards that are employed in the kits to generate the standard curves. The kit standards are recombinant single-stranded DNA molecules that are added to either negative serum or plasma at known concentrations. Because the standard curve is not constructed with reference standards, Chiron initially chose to use the term equivalent to describe the units of nucleic acid quantitation in clinical samples. An equivalent was defined as the amount of nucleic acid in a clinical sample that gave a signal equal to one molecule of the reference standard nucleic acid. The term copy rather than equivalent is used to describe the units of nucleic acid quantitation in the HIV-1 bDNA assay. The terms are now used interchangeably. 

The level of HBV DNA in serum or plasma probably better reflects the replicative activity of HBV. Several assays for the quantitation of HBV DNA are commercially available. In the Genostics assay (Abbott Laboratories), an, 25I-labeled probe binds to single-stranded HBV DNA in solution, followed by separation of free probe and hybrids using Sepharose chromatography (Kuhn et al., 1988). The... 

A competitive fluorescence-polarization immunoassay method was described for the monitoring of 12 drugs including valproic acid [18]. Samples (serum or plasma) were deproteinated. Fluorescence from the fluorescein-labeled analyte used as tracer was excited at 488 nm and polarization of light emitted at 531 nm was measured. The calibration was stable for 4 weeks and the coefficient of variation was below 10%. A single measurement took 8-10 min. 

A case in which the toxin or appropriate metabolite is detected in urine, serum, or plasma, or detection of the specific toxin in environmental samples unless there could be a local source of the toxin (e.g., the molds that produce mycotoxins have been found in some residential and industrial settings, and the toxins have been implicated in some cases of "sick building" syndrome). 

Immunoglobulins are purified from the serum (or plasma) of human donors by methods similar to those used to purify animal-derived antibodies. In most instances, the immunoglobulin preparations are enriched in antibodies capable of binding to a specific antigen (usually an infectious mi-croorganism/virus). These may be purified from donated blood of individuals who have recently ... 

There is a great deal of interest in the determination of lead, particularly micromethods applicable to the analysis blood lead in children. Consequently, reports continue to appear on the atomic absorption determination of lead in blood and urine. Ninety percent of blood lead is found in the erythrocytes and, therefore, whole blood is analyzed rather than serum or plasma. Berman etal. 134) have described a procedure for determining normal lead levels in which only 250 fd of blood are taken. The blood is deproteinized with 1 ml of 10 % trichloroacetic acid and then the lead is extracted with APDC into 1 ml of MIBK, at pH 3.5. 

In addition to MALDI-TOF and LC-MS/MS, SELDI-TOF-MS can also be used to determine expression profiling of various biological samples, such as serum or plasma for early detection of infection. Serum proteomic profiling assay, for instance, has been used to distinguish patients with acute SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) from patients with fever and influenza with 100% accuracy [16]. A major limitation of SELDI-TOF-MS, however, is that it cannot be used for direct amino acid sequence identification of the biomarker proteins, necessitating further sample fractionation and protein purification. 

The above experiments strongly suggest to us that a linear relationship exists between serum or plasma insulin levels over a wide physiological range, and urinary calcium excretion. The calciuric response to arginine or glucose infusion does not occur if insulin secretion is prevented, as evidenced by the data obtained from animals made acutely insulinopenic by mannoheptulose, or more chronically diabetic by streptozotocin. 

Blood compatibility. It is important that cellular components of the blood are not disrupted and that serum- or plasma-based responses are not triggered by parenteral administration. Therefore, two mechanisms must be assessed regarding the blood compatibility of component materials. These include the material s effect on cellular components that cause membrane destruction and hemolysis and the activation of the clotting mechanism resulting in the formation of the thromboeboli. 

For an optimal therapeutic response, the clinical pharmacist must select a suitable drug and determine an appropriate dose with the available strengths and a convenient dosing interval. To meet this responsibility, the serum or plasma drug concentrations have to be analyzed, pharmacokinetic parameters have to be evaluated, the drug dose has to be adjusted, and the dosing interval has to be determined. 

According to a biopharmaceutic expert, the term bioavailability may be defined as the rate and extent to which the ingredient is absorbed from the drug product into the body or to the site of action. It is measured by blood, serum or plasma levels or from urinary excretion data. 

Rare genetic absence of lipoprotein lipase results in excess triglyceride in the blood and its deposition in several tissues, including liver, skin, and pancreas. Orange-red eruptive xanthomas over the mucous membranes and skin may be seen. Abdominal pain and acute pancreatitis may occur. Fasting chylomicronemia produces a milky turbidity in the serum or plasma. 

The use of competitor proteins is important in these procedures to minimize nonspecific labeling owing to sticking of protein. Bovine serum albumin is a convenient, purified, inexpensive protein available for this purpose, but other proteins, such as normal globulin of the same species as the second step, or normal calf serum or plasma, are also useful for this purpose. 

A universial anticoagulant does not exist, and it is therefore necessary to use, in clinical chemical analysis, serum or plasma prepared with a variety of anticoagulants. The role of the anticoagulant and preservatives on the observed value has been reviewed by Caraway (C2, C4) and by Winsten (Wll). 

Lysis of formed blood elements other than erythrocytes may produce elevations in serum or plasma constituents. Platelet breakdown during blood collection can introduce enzymes into the plasma (Z3). Aldolase activity is very high in platelets (Dl), and elevations of acid phosphatase in myeloproliferative disease are probably the result of platelet lysis (B6). 

The question often arises whether a sample must be analyzed immediately or can be stored, and if so, under what conditions and for how long (B4a, H5a, W9a). Freshly drawn blood maintained anaerobically (A3) at 38 C decreases in pH at the rate of —0.062 unit per hour and in pCOj, at 4.8 1.3 mg Hg per hour. At 0-4°C, the change is minimal — 0.006 0.004 pH unit and 0.6 0.06 mm Hg. There has been controversy concerning the use of minerol oil to maintain specimens for carbon dioxide analysis (G2). Paulsen found that values of total carbon dioxide in plasma collected in stoppered tubes with and without paraflSn oil were identical if the tubes without oil were completely filled to the stopper (P4). The loss of carbon dioxide in tubes stored at room temperature without oil was about 6 mEq/1 in 2.5-4 hours. The problem for the laboratory is unfilled tubes and the storage of separated serum or plasma before analysis and in plastic cups during continuous-flow procedures. 

There are numerous substances that are administered intravenously and have a direct effect on biochemical analysis. Obviously, glucose or electrolyte concentrations will be spuriously elevated if the specimen is taken from the same vein into which these substances are being administered. The presence of sulfobromophthalein dye (BSP) in serum or plasma will interfere with protein determined by the biuret method. The... 

Smith, T. W., and Haber, E., Current techniques for serum or plasma digitalis assay and their potential clinical application. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 259, 301-308 (1970). 

The analysis of many drugs and metabolites in urine samples has been reported also as the analysis of these substances in serum or plasma samples. Therefore, such works are cited in Section VIII,B,1 and will not be repeated here. Urinary components can be useful indicators of one s metabolic state and therefore their analysis is frequently helpful in estab-... 

The anti-D immunological preparations used are purified from the serum or plasma of Rh-negative individuals who have been immunized against Rh-D antigen. The purified antibody preparations may be marketed as a liquid (shelf-life of 2 years when stored refrigerated) or as a freeze-dried preparation, which exhibits a shelf-life of up to 5 years. 

The pharmacokinetic term clearance (CT) best describes the efficiency of the elimination process. Clearance by an elimination organ (e.g., liver, kidney) is defined as the volume of blood, serum, or plasma that is totally cleared of drug per unit time. This term is additive the total body or systemic clearance of a drug is equal to the sum of the clearances by individual eliminating organs. Usually this is represented as the sum of renal and hepatic clearances CT = CT renal -I- CL hepatic. Clearance is constant and independent of serum concentration for drugs that are eliminated by first-order processes, and therefore may be considered proportionally constant between the rate of drug elimination and serum concentration. 

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