Reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled

A. J. Oosterkamp, M. T. Villaverde Herraiz, H. Irth, U. R. Tjaden, J. van der Greef Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled on-line to receptor afSnity detection based on the human estrogen receptor. Anal Chem 1996, 68, 1201-1206. 

H. M. M. Arafa, F. M. A. Hamada, M. M. A. Elzamar and H. Nau, Fully automated determination of selective retinoic acid receptor ligands in mouse plasma and tissue by reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled on-line with solid-phase extraction , J. Chromatogr. A 729 125-136(1996). 

E. C. Goosens, D. de Jong, G. J. de Jong and U. A. Th Brinkman, Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled on-line with capillary gas chromatography. II. Use of a solvent vapor exit to increase introduction volumes and introduction rates into the gas chromatograph , J. Microcolumn Sep 6 207-215 (1994). 

In drug analysis, LC-MS usually means reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Although normal phase LC can be used as well (especially in combination with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization - APCI), predominantly reversed phase LC is used in drug research and drug analysis due to the typical physical and chemical properties of the analytes (e.g. polarity, size). 

Analysis of tropane alkaloids in biological fluids has been developed mostly for cocaine and metabolites. Indeed, it is well recognized that cocaine remains one of the most widely consumed drugs of abuse worldwide. Generally, reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled with UV-VIS detection is employed for these analyses. 

Kampo medicines in which A.fangchi root or A. manshuriensis stem may be misused [492], Moreover, LC-PDA and LC-EIMS detection methods both were effective in distinguishing AAI (5) and AAII (5) peaks by their spectra. Very recently, we have reported the extensive analysis of aristolochic acids and aristolactams in the various Chinese medicinal plants and crude drugs using different techniques. A method has been developed using reversed phase liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) tandem mass spectrometry under the positive ion detection mode [LC/(+)APCI/MS/MS] to determine the amount of AA-1(5) in Xinxin, a traditional Chinese medicine that originate from nine Asarum species... 

Oosterkamp, A.J. van der Hoeven, R. Glassgen, W. Konig, B. Tjaden, U.R. van der Greef, J. hth, H. Gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled on-line to receptor-affinity detection based on the urokinase receptor. J. Chromatogr. B, 1998, 715, 331. 

Dugo, R, M. Herrero, T. Kumm, D. Giuffrida, G. Dugo, and L. Mondello, 2008. Comprehensive normal-phase X reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors for the analysis of free carotenoids and carotenoid esters from mandarin. L Cfmmgtogi 1189 196-206. 

Dugo P, Herrero M, Kumm T, Giuffrida D, Dugo G, Mondello L. Comprehensive Normal-Phase x Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Photodiode Array and Mass Spectrometry Detection for the Analysis of Free Carotenoids and Carotenoid Esters from Mandarin. J Chromatogr A 2008 1189 196-206. 

HPLC-ICP-MS A procedure for the simultaneous determination of six selenium species and six arsenic species in human urine by ion-pair, reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS has been developed. The method was applied to the determination of arsenic and selenium species in urine, which only required filtering through a 0.45 pm membrane filter and dilution with mobile phase in order to measure arsenic and selenium urinary metabolites... 

E. A. Hogendoom and P. van Zoonen, Coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography in envhonmental analysis (review) , ]. Chromatogr. 703 149-166 (1995). 

R. J. Senorans, J. Villen, J. Tabera and M. Heiraiz, Simplex optimization of the direct analysis of free sterols in sunflower oil by on-line coupled reversed phase liquid chromatography-gas clnomatography , 7. Agric. Food Chem. 46 1022-1026 (1998). 

Figure 13.7 Selectivity effected by employing different step gradients in the coupled-column RPLC analysis of a surface water containing 0.40 p-g 1 bentazone, by using direct sample injection (2.00 ml). Clean-up volumes, (a), (c) and (d) 4.65 ml of M-1, and (b) 3.75 ml of M-1 transfer volumes, (a), (c) and (d), 0.50 ml of M-1, and (b), 0.40 ml of M-1. The displayed cliromatograms start after clean-up on the first column. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 644, E. A. Hogendoom et al, Coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography-UV analyser for the determination of polar pesticides in water , pp. 307-314, copyright 1993, with permission from Elsevier Science.

However, for water analysis, reverse-phase liquid chromatography is more suitable but its coupling with GC has some drawbacks because of the partly aqueous effluent. Several systems have been developed (88, 89) and applied to determine pollutants in water. 

Vandecasteele, K., Gaus, I., Debreuck, W., and Walraevens, K., Identification and Quantification of 77 Pesticides in Groundwater Using Solid Phase Coupled to Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography, Anal. Chem. 72, 3093, 2000. 

Mao, Y., Zhang, X.M. (2003). Comprehensive two-dimensional separation system hy coupling capillary reverse-phase liquid chromatography to capillary isoelectric focusing for peptide and protein mapping with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 24, 3289-3295. 

Yang et al. [83] accomplished speciation of organotin compounds using reverse-phase liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. The separation was complete in 6min and detection limits were in the range 2.8-16pg of tin for various species. 

Z. Wang, M. Ashraf-Khorassani and L.T. Taylor, On-line coupling of supercritical C02 extraction with reversed-phase liquid chromatography for the quantitative analysis of analytes in aqueous matrices. J. Chromatogr.A 1033 (2004) 221-227. 

Thompson, J. J. and Houk, R. S., Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection for multielement flow injection analysis and elemental speciation by reversed phase liquid chromatography, Anal. Chem., 58, 2541-2548, 1986. 

K. Grob and Z. Li, Coupled reversed-phase liquid chromatography-capillary gas chromatography for the determination of atrazine in water , J. Chromatogr. 473 423 -430 (1989). 

T. Hyotylainen, K. Jauho and M-L. Riekkola, Analysis of pesticides in red wines by online coupled reversed phase liquid chromatography with a vaporizer/precolumn solvent split/gas discharge interface ,/. Chromatogr. 813 113-119(1997). 

T. Hyotylainen and M-L. Riekkola, Direct coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography to gas chromatography , J. Chromatogr. 819 13 - 24 (1998). 

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