Rubia tinctorum

Madder, also known as Turkey red, is a scarlet dye extracted from perennial herbaceous plants of the order Rubiacea, of which there are about 35 species (Chenciner 2001 Farnsworth 1951). A well-known plant from this order is Rubia tinctorum, found naturally in Palestine and Egypt, abundant in Asia and Europe, and extensively cultivated in the ancient world, was widely used for production of the dye since remote antiquity. The use of madder for dyeing seems to have originated in the Middle East it was identified in many textiles found in Egyptian tombs and in woolen fabrics from the Judean Desert in Palestine. It was also used by the ancient Persians, Greeks, and Romans. Madder from other varieties of Rubiacea plants were used by the Incas in ancient Peru (Schaefer 1941 Fieser 1930). 

For the extraction of colourants from Rubia tinctorum (Figure 13.2) roots, mostly methanol, [42] water-methanol (with the addition of n-amyl alcohol in the case of lake extraction)[19,20] or water-ethanol solutions[38] are used. Additional hydrolysis can be performed with hydrochloric acid[8,19,20,34] and trifluoroacetic acid,[42] but also with madder root enzymes,[42] responsible for cleavage of anthraquinone glycosides into the corresponding aglycones and sugars. 

Rubia tinctorum roots Alizarin, alizarin glucoside, purpurin, pseudopurpurin, lucidin glucoside, lucidin primeveroside, munjistin, ruberythric acid EtOH/H20, H2S04 A ACN B ammonium formate/FA with EDTA 250, 254 nm/ESI (+) Post column modification of eluent (5% NH3 in H20) for NI mode... 

Rubia tinctorum roots Alizarin, munjistin, purpurin, pseudopurpurin, lucidin, nordamnacanthal (as glycosides or aglycones) MeOH/H20, TFA, HCI, H20 (enzymatic hydrolysis) ACN/AcONH4 254 nm/ESI (+) Hydrolysis optimization, characterization of root components... 

Wool dyed with Rubia tinctorum and Galium verum Alizarin, quinalizarin, purpurin, xanthopurpurin, purpuroxanthin dimethyl ether, munjistin, rubiadin, nordamnacanthal, anthragallol, kermesic acid, hystazarin, emodin, quinizarin HCI/MeOH/ h2o A H20 B ACN with AcOH or FA 250 nm/ESI ( ) HPLC optimization... 

G.C.H. Derksen, H.A.G. Niederlander and T.A. van Beek, Analysis of anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum L. by liquid chromatography coupled with diode array UV and mass spectrometric detection, J. Chromatogr. A, 978, 119 127 (2002). 

G.C.H. Derksen, G.P. Lelyveld, T.A. van Beek, A. Capelle and JE. Groot, Two validated HPLC methods for the quantification of alizarin and other anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum cultivars, Phytochem. Anal., 15, 397 406 (2004). 

RP-HPLC with DAD and MS detection has also been employed for the determination of anthraquinone pigments in the extract of Rubia tinctorum. The names and chemical structures of anthraquinone pigments found in R. tinctorum are compiled in Table 2.110. 

Fig. 2.147. UV (254) trace of a crude extract of Rubia tinctorum roots and mass spectra (single MS) of the chromatographic peaks for individual anthraquinones lucidin primeveroside (1), ruberythic acid (2), pseudopurpurin (5) and munjistin (6). Mass spectra (a-b) were obtained with NI-ESI with post-column addition of ammonia. Reprinted with permission from G. C. H. Derksen et al. [320].

N.A. Rubia tinctorum L. Anthraquinone derivatives, ruberythric acid, alzarin, purpurin, indoid, asperuloside, resin, calcium.99 Treat kidney and bladder stones. 

Alpinia galanga, Coriandrum sativum, Juniperus rigida, Perilla frutescens, Pinus sylvestris, P. albicaulis, P. contorta, P. mugo, P. palustris, P. strobus, Pistacia lentiscus Impatiens pallida, I. capensis Melaleuca leucadendra Eclipta alba, E. prostrata Biota orientalis Buxus sempervirens Rubia tinctorum Swertia chirata... 

Abrus precatorius, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malva sylvestris, M. mtundifolia, Morus alba, Perilla frutescens, Pinus albicaulis, P contorta, P. mugo, P. palustris, P. strvbus, Rubus idaeus, Vitis vinifera Ribes lacustre, R. nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. myrtilloides, V myrtillus, V. oreophilum, V macrocarpon Cassia angustifolia, C. senna Rubia tinctorum... 

Camellia sinensis, I. aquifolium, I. paraguensis Chaenomeles speciosa, Portulaca oleracea, Rubia tinctorum Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. tanguticum Astragalus membranaceus, A. americana Calystegia sepium... 

Gelsemium sempervirens, Rubia tinctorum, Swertia chirata, Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. myrtillus,... 

Camellia sinensis Digitalia purpurea Digitalia purpurea Rubia tinctorum... 

The British are coming, the British are coming cried Paul Revere. Well, he could hardly have missed them, decked out in their bright red coats. The attire of the British soldier tended to undermine military strategy, but the color had nothing to do with battle tactics. It had to do with economics. The British uniforms were required, by royal decree, to be dyed red in order to support British agricultural interests, specifically the cultivation of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum). It was from the roots of this plant that the brilliant red dye known as alizarin was extracted. Alizarin was not produced in the colonies, and... 

Red natural anthraquinone dyes on ancient textile materials can be readily identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) if they belong to the class of madder dyes. The method also shows which type of dye plant from the family Rubiaceae has been used for dyeing (Rubia tinctorum L., R. peregrina L.,... 

In recent decades, numerous dyer s plants of the type of madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) have again been investigated for their constituents. With the aid of modern methods of instrumental analysis, no less than 23 different components belonging to the class of hydroxyanthraquinones have been identified in madder roots (32-3A), for instance, besides five hydroxyanthraquinone glycosides, of which rubia-nin (Constitution VIII in table I) (35) is of particular interest,... 

Rubia tinctorum L. (Rubia tinctoria SALISB.) (C.I. Natural Red 8)... 

In contrast to Rubia tinctorum, the roots of this plant contain no lucidin (V). 

A Rubia tinctorum L. B Rubia peregrina L. C Rubia cordi-folia L. D Rubia akane E Relbunium hypocarpium HEMSL. ... 

Rubia tinctorum alizarin and purpurin can be clearly identified by the marked spots. Pseudopurpurin has been converted into purpurin by decarboxylation, because the old extraction method (boiling with 10% sulfuric acid, followed by shaking with ethyl acetate) has been used to isolate the dyes from the madder roots. 

Figure 5 shows the comparison of the madder dyes taken from the Adler-dalmatika with samples of Rubia tinctorum, alizarin, and purpurin by TLC. The dye extracted from the sample of the Adlerdalmatika with dilute sulfuric acid is unmistakably madder. 

The major constituent in the extract of madder, Rubia tinctorum (Rubiaceae), was identified as lucidin-3-O-primeveroside (342), a commonly used food pigment. It exhibited antifeedant activity against the carpet beetle, Attagenus japonicus 50 This opens the window for using dyes from either R. akane or R. tinctorum to protect textile against these textile pests. 

Anthraquinones The Oj Pile). Alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone) is the orange-red compound of Rubia tinctorum (madder) (Rubiaceae), a longstanding dyestuff in human history. A range of anthraquinones are variously cathartic, antimicrobial and cytotoxic. A variety of anthraquinones are protein kinase inhibitors including alizarin, chrysazin, damnacanthal, emodin and purpurin. 

Galium spp., Aspemla odorata, Relbunium hypocarpum (Rubiaceae) glycoside in Rubia tinctorum (Rubiaceae) [root]... 

Morinda citrifolia, Rubia tinctorum (Rubiaceae) R. tinctorum herbal medicine used for kidney bladder stones Rubia tinctorum (Rubiaceae) ... 

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