Injection direct

The simplest method for introducing a sample into an IMS is by flowing a carrier gas containing the neutral vapor of the analyte, or analytes, directly into the ionization region of the IMS. The first mixture separated and detected by IMS was a mixture of 

FIGURE 3.2 A schematic diagram of a six-port valve for direct IMS injection. The picture shows a Rheodyne 7725-type six-port valve with an external sample loop. Position A is the load position in which the loop is filled, and position B is the inject position in which the sample in the loop is directed into a chromatographic column or directly in an IMS. (From 

malathion, and triethyl phosphite in air. In these first investigations of IMS as a separation and detection method for organic mixtures, the air containing these compounds was directly introduced into the ionization region of an IMS using a radioactive Ni source. Ion molecule reactions of each neutral analyte with the reactant ions produced stable characteristic product ions from each of these compounds that were subsequently separated and detected in the IMS. This approach is also used for continuous monitoring (as opposed to discrete samples, described in the following). 

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The output from the turbine might be superheated or partially condensed, as is the case in Fig. 6.32. If the exhaust steam is to be used for process heating, ideally it should be close to saturated conditions. If the exhaust steam is significantly superheated, it can be desuperheated by direct injection of boiler feedwater, which vaporizes and cools the steam. However, if saturated steam is fed to a steam main, with significant potential for heat losses from the main, then it is desirable to retain some superheat rather than desuperheat the steam to saturated conditions. If saturated steam is fed to the main, then heat losses will cause excessive condensation in the main, which is not desirable. On the other hand, if the exhaust steam from the turbine is partially condensed, the condensate is separated and the steam used for heating. 

In contrast to a direct injection of dc or ac currents in the sample to be tested, the induction of eddy currents by an external excitation coil generates a locally limited current distribution. Since no electrical connection to the sample is required, eddy current NDE is easier to use from a practical point of view, however, the choice of the optimum measurement parameters, like e.g. the excitation frequency, is more critical. Furthermore, the calculation of the current flow in the sample from the measured field distribution tends to be more difficult than in case of a direct current injection. A homogenous field distribution produced by e.g. direct current injection or a sheet inducer [1] allows one to estimate more easily the defect geometry. However, for the detection of technically relevant cracks, these methods do not seem to be easily applicable and sensitive enough, especially in the case of deep lying and small cracks. 

The direct injection of thermally unstable samples onto a capillary column. 

Ohm s law the statement that the current moving through a circuit is proportional to the applied potential and inversely proportional to the circuit s resistance (E = iR). (p. 463) on-column injection the direct injection of thermally unstable samples onto a capillary column, (p. 568) one-taUed significance test significance test in which the null hypothesis is rejected for values at only one end of the normal distribution, (p. 84)... 

Four buses converted to ethanol started operation in 1979 and the engine used was an OM 352, 6 cylinder, direct injection engine rated at 96,200 watt (129 hp). The ignition improver was -hexyl nitrate [20633-11-8] which was later changed to triethylene glycol dinitrate [111-22-8] (TEGDN). 

U. Hilger, G. Jain, E. Scheid, and P. Pischinger, "Development of a Direct Injected Neat Methanol Engine for Passenger Car AppHcations," SAP Paper 901521, SAE Euture Transportation Technology Conf. and Expo. (San Diego, Calif., Aug. 13—16,1990). 

In 1990, U.S. coke plants consumed 3.61 x 10 t of coal, or 4.4% of the total U.S. consumption of 8.12 x ICf t (6). Worldwide, roughly 400 coke oven batteries were in operation in 1988, consuming about 4.5 x 10 t of coal and producing 3.5 x 10 t metallurgical coke. Coke production is in a period of decline because of reduced demand for steel and increa sing use of technology for direct injection of coal into blast furnaces (7). The decline in coke production and trend away from recovery of coproducts is reflected in a 70—80% decline in volume of coal-tar chemicals since the 1970s. 

The basis of this process was the injection of sodium carbonate solution into the viscose, although direct injection of carbon dioxide gas that reacts with the viscose soda to form sodium carbonate could also be used (44). The carbonate route yielded a family of inflated fibers culminating in the absorbent multilimbed super inflated (SI) fiber (Eig. 5c). 

A novel interface to connect a ce system with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (icpms) detector has been developed (88). The interface was built using a direct injection nebulizer (din) system. The ce/din/icpms system was evaluated using samples containing selected alkah, alkaline earths, and heavy-metal ions, as well as selenium (Se(IV) and Se(VI)), and various inorganic and organic arsenic species. The preliminary results show that the system can be used to determine metal species at ppt to ppb level. 

Ready availabiHty and easy appHcation of bulk Hquid carbon dioxide have caused it to replace dry ice in many cases. Liquid CO2 can be stored without loss and is easily measured or weighed. Liquid carbon dioxide is also used, along with dry ice, for direct injection into chemical reaction systems to control temperature. 

The impulse test by means of a directly injected steep-fronted wave cannot be performed on a fully assembled machine as the bulk of the voltage, if the front of the wave is less than Ifls, will appear across the first few turns only. Also, in the event of a failure, the whole winding must be scrapped. The impulse test is therefore performed on completed individual resin-rich formed coils only after insertion into the slots. 

The sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere can be primary, directly injected into the atmosphere, or secondary, formed in the atmosphere by gas-to-particle conversion processes (13). The primary sources of fine particles are combustion processes, e.g., power plants and diesel... 

The foam effect is achieved by the dispersion of inert gas throughout the molten resin directly before moulding. Introduction of the gas is usually carried out by pre-blending the resin with a chemical blowing agent which releases gas when heated, or by direct injection of the gas (usually nitrogen). When the compressed gas/resin mixture is rapidly injected into the mould cavity, the gas expands explosively and forces the material into all parts of the mould. An internal cellular structure is thus formed within a solid skin. 

Dry scrubber An absorption system which uses a dry solvent directly injected into the gas stream. 

DIRECT INJECTION BY USING CONCURRENT SOLVENT EVAPORATION... 

Z. Yu and D. Westerlund, Char-acterization of the precolumn biortap 500 C g for direct injection of plasma samples in a column-switching system , Chromatographia, 47 299-304(1998). 

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