Interleukin-2-dependent

In a study on the immunotoxic effects of cigarette tar components, it was shown that phenol (< 1 mmol/L) had no effect on interleukin-2-dependent DNA synthesis or cell proliferation in cultured human lymphoblasts (Li et al., 1997). 

In murine splenocytes in culture, however, 10 50 pg/mL 1,1-dimethylhydrazine inhibited concanavalin A-stimulated DNA synthesis (Bauer et al., 1990). Similar suppression was observed in interleukin 2-dependent CTLL-20 cells when DNA synthesis was stimulated with interleukin 2. 

Salmi, M., Granfors, K., Leirsalo-Rcpo, M., Hamalainen, M., MacDermott, R, Leino, R, Havia, T. and Jalkanen, S. (1992). Selective endothelial binding of interleukin-2-dependent human T cell lines derived from different tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 11436-11440. 

Meuer, S.C., Hussey, R.E., Cantrell, D.A., Hodgdon, J.C., Schlossman, S.F., Smith, K.A. and Reinherz, E.L. (1984) Triggering of the T3-Ti antigen-receptor complex results in clonal T-cell proliferation through an interleukin 2-dependent autocrine pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 1509-1513. 

Holladay FP, Heitz T, Chen YL, Chiga M, Wood GW. Successful treatment of a malignant rat glioma with cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Neurosurgery 1992 31 528-533. Kitahara T, Watanabe O, Yamaura A, Makino H, Watanabe T, Suzuki G et al. Establishment of interleukin 2 dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell line specific for autologous brain tumor and its intracranial administration for therapy of the tumor. J Neurooncol 1987 4 329-336. 

Ahsan MK, Masutani H, YamaguchiY, Kim YC, Nosaka K, Matsuoka M, Nishinaka Y, Maeda M, Yodoi J. 2006. Loss of interleukin-2-dependency in HTLV-I-infected T cells on gene silencing of thioredoxin-binding protein-2. Oncogene 25 2181-2191. 

Chu, J.W., and Sharom, F.J. 1991, Effect of micellar and bilayer gangliosides on proliferation of interleukin-2-dependent lymphocytes. Cell.Immunol. 132(2) 319-338. 

Besides direct apoptosis effectors, there are a number of other diugs which influence the above explained apoptosis pathways more indirectly. This class of diugs includes molecules which inhibit survival pathways like e.g. the Ras/Raf kinase pathway, the NF-kB pathway and many others. Also inhibitors of survival cytokines which are sometimes produced by cancer cells in an autocrine fashion can render cells susceptible to apoptosis and, hence, effective cancer therapy. These include, but are not limited to, ligands for dependence receptors and cytokines like e.g. interleukin-4. 

Erythropoiesis is a process that starts with a pluripotent stem cell in the bone marrow that eventually differentiates into an erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E)4 (Fig. 63-1). The development of these cells depends on stimulation from the appropriate growth factors, primarily erythropoietin. Other cytokines involved include granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 3 (IL-3). Eventually, the CFU-Es differentiate into reticulocytes and cross from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood. Finally, these reticulocytes mature into erythrocytes after 1 to 2 days in the bloodstream. Throughout this process, the cells gradually accumulate more hemoglobin and lose their nuclei.4... 

Price KS, Friend DS, Mellor EA, De Jesus N, Watts GF, Boyce JA. CC chemokine receptor 3 mobilizes to the surface of human mast cells and potentiates immunoglobulin E-dependent generation of interleukin 13. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003 28(4) 420-427. 

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) affects antigen presentation capacity but also interferes with many other functions of monocytes and macrophages (Table 2) (F8). In vitro, IL-10 is a potent inhibitor of cytokine production, including production of TNF, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 by LPS-activated monocytes/macrophages (F8). It also inhibits tissue factor-dependent procoagulant activity induced by LPS in human... 

Morla, A. 0., Schreurs, J.,Miyajima, A., and Wang, J. H. J. (1988). Hematopoietic growth factors activate the tyrosine phosphorylation of distinct sets of proteins in interleukin-3-dependent murine cell lines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8 2214-2218. 

Burd, P.R., Rogers, H.W., Gordon, J.R., Martin, C.A., Jayaraman, S., Wilson, S.D., Dvorak, A.M., Galli, S.J. and Dorf, M.E. (1989) Interleukin 3-dependent and -independent mast cells stimulated with IgE and antigen express multiple cytokines. Journal of Experimental Medicine 170, 245-257. 

Kramer, S., Schimpl, A. and Hunig, T. (1995) Immunopathology of interleukin (IL) 2-deficient mice thymus dependence and suppression by thymus-dependent cells with an intact IL-2 gen e. Journal of Experimental Medicine 182, 1769-1776. 

Lali, F. V., Hunt, A. E., Turner, S. J., and Foxwell, B. M. (2000). The pyridinyl imidazole inhibitor SB203580 blocks phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase activity, protein kinase B phosphorylation, and retinoblastoma hyperphosphorylation in interleukin-2-stimulated T cells independendy ofp38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 7395-7402. 

Calcium oxalate monohydrate responsible for the formation of most kidney stones significantly increased mitochondrial superoxide production in renal epithelial cells [42], Recombinant human interleukin IL-(3 induced oxygen radical generation in alveolar epithelial cells, which was suppressed by mitochondrial inhibitors 4 -hydroxy-3 -methoxyacetophe-none and diphenylene iodonium [43]. Espositio et al. [44] found that mitochondrial oxygen radical formation depended on the expression of adenine nucleotide translocator Anti. Correspondingly, mitochondria from skeletal muscle, heart, and brain from the Antl-deficient mice sharply increased the production of hydrogen peroxide. 

Sanders et al. [133] found that although quercetin treatment of streptozotocin diabetic rats diminished oxidized glutathione in brain and hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity, this flavonoid enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation, decreased hepatic glutathione level, and increased renal and cardiac glutathione peroxidase activity. In authors opinion the partial prooxidant effect of quercetin questions the efficacy of quercetin therapy in diabetic patients. (Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of flavonoids are discussed in Chapter 29.) Administration of endothelin antagonist J-104132 to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats inhibited the enhanced endothelin-1-stimulated superoxide production [134]. Interleukin-10 preserved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice probably by reducing superoxide production by xanthine oxidase [135]. 

IL-2 acts as a critical autocrine growth factor for T-cells, and the magnitude of the T-cell response is largely dependent upon the level of IL-2 produced. IL-2 also serves as a growth factor for activated B-lymphocytes. In addition to promoting proliferation of these cells, IL-2 (as well as some other interleukins) stimulates enhanced antibody production and secretion. In this way, it effectively potentates the humoral immune response. 

Based upon recent controlled studies, there is considerable evidence that opioids such as morphine induce substantial effects on immune status. For example, it has been shown that morphine administration is associated with alterations in a number of immune parameters, such as natural-killer cell activity [12,13], proliferation of lymphocytes, [13, 14] antibody production [15,16], and the production of interferon [17]. Studies in our laboratory have shown that acute morphine treatment in rats suppresses splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses to both T- and B-cell mitogens, splenic natural-killer cell activity, blood lymphocyte mitogenic responsiveness to T-cell mitogens, and the in vitro production of the cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon-y [18-22], Furthermore, the immune alterations induced by morphine are dose-dependent and antagonized by the opioid-receptor antagonist, naltrexone (e.g., [22]). 

Cumberbatch, M., et al., Interleukin (IL-18) induces Langerhans cell migration by a tumour necrosis factor-apha- and IL-beta-dependent mechanism. Immunology, 102, 323, 2001. 

The initiation and maintenance of IgE antibody responses are regulated by, and dependent upon, the generation of T lymphocyte responses of the correct (Th2-type) phenotype. These cells produce type 2 cytokines (including interleukins (IL) 4, 5, and 13) that collectively facilitate IgE antibody production, and that participate importantly in the elicitation of IgE-mediated allergic reactions [34-36],... 

Primary isolation of HIV is accomplished by cocultivation of patient PBMCs with uninfected donor PBMCs that have been stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and treated with the T cell growth factor interleukin-2. Fresh PHA-stimulated donor PBMCs are added to the culture at weekly intervals growth of virus can be detected in 7-32 days depending on the titer of the virus in the inoculum. 

Remmele, R.L., Jr., J. Zhang, V. Dharmavaram, D. Balaban, M. Durst, A. Shoshi-taiskvili, and H. Rand. 2004. Scan-rate dependent melting transitions of interleukin-1 receptor (type II) elucidation of meaningful thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of aggregation acquired from DSC simulations (submitted for publication). 

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