In vitro production

Baculovimses, especially nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPV) and granulosis viruses (GV), appear to be exceptionally well suited for IPM because of their extreme insect specificity. They are stomach poisons and are slow-acting. In vitro production is difficult and the products are more expensive than the bacterial insecticides. Their high host specificity is viewed as a commercial disadvantage, and improvements in formulations and appHcation techniques are needed. 

An example of a serendipitous discovery in a field related to diazo chemistry is the first in vitro product of a reaction of molecular nitrogen with a transition metal complex (Allen and Senoff, 1965). As discussed in the context of diazo-metal complexes (Zollinger, 1995, Sec. 3.3), the metal —N2 bonds are similar to C —N2 bonds in organic diazo compounds. The paradigm that N2 is (almost) inert in chemical reactions probably explains why it took so long for N2 complexes to be discovered. ... 

Table 1 Classification of enzymes respective enzymes and in vitro production of typical polymers catalyzed by...

Wisniewski HM, Frackowiak J, Mazur Kolecka B. In vitro production of beta-amyloid in smooth muscle cells isolated from amylid angiopathy-affected vessels. Neurosci Lett 1995 183 120-123. 

Monoclonal antibody production In vitro production of monoclonal antibodies EU... 

Based upon recent controlled studies, there is considerable evidence that opioids such as morphine induce substantial effects on immune status. For example, it has been shown that morphine administration is associated with alterations in a number of immune parameters, such as natural-killer cell activity [12,13], proliferation of lymphocytes, [13, 14] antibody production [15,16], and the production of interferon [17]. Studies in our laboratory have shown that acute morphine treatment in rats suppresses splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses to both T- and B-cell mitogens, splenic natural-killer cell activity, blood lymphocyte mitogenic responsiveness to T-cell mitogens, and the in vitro production of the cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon-y [18-22], Furthermore, the immune alterations induced by morphine are dose-dependent and antagonized by the opioid-receptor antagonist, naltrexone (e.g., [22]). 

Micales JA, Highley TL. In vitro production of hydrogen peroxide by degradative andnon-degradative isolates ofbrown-rot wood decay fungi. Phytopathology 1989 77 988. 

The two different techniques for mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes are (i) in vivo, and (ii) in vitro. Production of entomopathogenic nematodes depend upon the area to be applied as well as the type of nematode species used. If a small plot is to be applied as for research purpose, the in vivo production technique would be appropriate, otherwise for fields in vitro methods are used. 

Asakura, T., Sakaguchi, R., Demura, M., Manabe, T., Uyama, A., Ogawa, K., and Osanai, M. (1993). In vitro production of Bombyx-mori silk fibroin by organ-culture of the posterior silk glands—isotope labeling and fluorination of the silk fibroin. Biotech-nol. Bioeng. 41, 245-252. 

R. Amado, R. Aeschbach, and H. Neukom, Dityrosine In vitro production and characterization, Methods Enzymol. 107, 377-388 (1984). 

Lisa E. Cooper was born and raised in Renton, Washington. She received a B.S. in Biochemistry in 2004 from Western Washington University under the guidance of Professor Christopher J. A. Daley. Subsequently, she joined the laboratory of Professor Wilfred A. van der Donk at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she studied lantibiotic biosynthetic enzymes. After successfully engineering an in vitro production system for the novel two-component lantibiotic haloduracin, she characterized the structural features essential for the activity of this antibiotic. 

Sagai M, Saito H, Ichinose T, et al. 1993. Biological effects of diesel exhaust particles I. In vitro production of superoxide and in vivo toxicity in mouse. Free Radic Biol Med 14(l) 37-47. 

Rats given lOg/kg in the diet, plus 0.2% sodium nitrite in the drinking water, had a significantly increased incidence of liver tumors compared with controls. The carcinogenic response is attributed to the in vitro production of N-nitrosomorpholine. In another study morpholine alone produced a low number of tumors of the liver, lung, and brain, and it was suggested that an unknown nitrate source reacted with the morpholine to form the carcinogenic iV-nitrosomorpholine. ... 

In vitro production of alkaloids is possible also with the use of another in vitro technique organ culture. Root cultures are the most common concerning alkaloids, as this part of plants is of great importance for alkaloid synthesis. Root cultures that produce alkaloids have been studied as far back... 

Enzyme characteristics have been examined for recombinant C4H proteins from several species, including those from P. crispum, P. vulgaris, Ammi majus, H. tuberosus, and Ruta graveolens Similar values toward cinnamate (2 to 10p,A/) are reported, and consistently high substrate specificity (although the values vary between studies). Only 4-coumarate is found as the in vitro product, with no detectable 2- or 3-coumarate production. ... 

Klerx, J. P. A M., Jansen Verplanke, C., Blonk, C. G, and Twaalfhoven, L. C (1988) In vitro production of monoclonal antibodies under serum-free conditions using a compact and inexpensive hollow fibre cell culture unit. J Immunol Methods 111, 179-188. 

Neither NO nor HNO is appreciably cytotoxic under anaerobic conditions (135). Even in the presence of 02 the free radical NO protects against peroxide and 02 toxicity, suggesting that in vitro production of RNOS from NO is of lesser importance than the presence of NO itself. The question arises as to whether the enhanced toxicity of HNO in the presence of 02 or peroxides is a function solely of inhibition of the peroxide consuming capacity of cells for instance by depletion of GSH (Eq. 21) or if RNOS are involved. It is also possible that aerobic metabolism primes the cell for HNO toxicity in some fashion. 

Adam, A. A., Takahashi, Y., Katagiri, S. and Nagano, M. (2004) Effects of oxygen tension in the gas atmosphere during in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization and in vitro culture on the efficiency of in vitro production of mouse embryos. Jpn J Vet Res 52, 77-84. 

SLE is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by the activation of T and polyclonal B lymphocytes, production of autoantibodies, and formation of immune complexes causing tissue and organ damage (A9). Abnormal Th cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases (H15). Recent reports indicated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SLE patients show decreased in vitro production of Thl cytokines IL-2, IFN-y (F8), TNF-a (H14), and IL-12 (H13, L14, L15) with upregulation of Th2 cytokine IL-4 (F8) and IL-10 (L14). Such an imbalance of Th cytokines may account for the polyclonal B cell activation observed in SLE. An earlier report suggested that there was no relationship between in vitro production of Thl and Th2 cytokines and disease activity (B4), whereas other studies demonstrated that serum concentrations of Thl cytokines IL-12 (T6), TNF-a (D4), and IFN-y (A6) are significantly elevated in SLE patients. 

These studies have revealed problems unique to each group as well as difficulties common among the different phyla. There are several obstacles specific to the Porifera, which may negatively impact the feasibility of in vitro production of bioactive compounds by sponges. Perhaps the greatest obstacle is the lack of any area of a sponge from which axenic primary cultures can be initiated. 

Pomponi, S. A., Willoughby, R., Kaighn, M. E., and Wright, A. E., Development of techniques for in vitro production of bioactive natural products from marine sponges, in Invertebrate Cell Culture Novel Directions and Biotechnology Applications, Maramorosch, K. and Mitsuhashi, J., Eds., Academic Press, New York, 1997. 

Ivarsson P., Blomquist G. J. and Seybold S. J. (1997) In vitro production of pheromone intermediates in the bark beetles Ipspini (Say) and I. paraconfusus Lanier (Coleoptera Scolytidae). Naturwissenschaften 84, 454 157. 

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