Monocyte activation

Ancuta P, Kamat A, Kunstman KJ, Kim EY, Autissier P, Wurcel A, Zaman T, Stone D, Mefford M, Morgello S, Singer EJ, Wolinsky SM, Gabuzda D (2008) Microbial translocation is associated with increased monocyte activation and dementia in AIDS patients. PLoS ONE 3(6) e2516... 

A wide range of cells are capable of producing IL-l (Table 9.4). Different cell types produce the different IL-ls in varying ratios. In fibroblasts and endothelial cells, both are produced in roughly similar ratios, whereas IL-ip is produced in larger quantities than IL-la in monocytes. Activated macrophages appear to represent the major cellular source for IL-1. 

Espinoza-Delgado, I. et al., Interleukin-2 and human monocyte activation, J Leukoc. Biol, 57, 13,1995. 

MHC II Sea otter B cells, monocytes, activated T cells Cross-reactive [37]... 

Wang, P., Kitchens, R.L., Munford, R.S., 1998, Phosphatidyhnositides bind to plasma membrane CD14 and can prevent monocyte activation by bacterial hpopolysacharide, J. Biol. Chem. 273 24309-24313. 

These growth factors are named by the way they infiuence bone marrow growth in the laboratory as granulocyte or monocyte active factors and include molgramostim or filgrastim. 

Yasuda, S., Bohgaki, M., Atsumi, T., and T. Koike, 2005, Pathogenesis of antiphospholipid antibodies impairment of fibrinolysis and monocyte activation via die p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.Immunobiology. 210(10) 775-80. 

Inflammation is part of the first line response of the immune system to infection. Inflammation is characterized by two main components an exudative response and a cellular response. The exudative response involves the local recruitment of fluid (edema, swelling), containing proteins such as fibrin and immunoglobulins. The cellular response involves the release of cytokines from resident cells such as fibroblasts and the invasion of white blood cells into the inflamed tissue. Leukocytes take on an important role in inflammation by clearing the site from bacteria and cellular debris. In chronic inflammation an increased extravasation of neutrophils, monocytes, activated T cells, and macrophages to the inflamed site will persist. 

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated when circulating factor VII encounters tissue factor. Tissue factor is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is normally expressed by subendothelial fibroblast-like cells, which surround the blood vessel. An intact endothelium normally shields the circulating blood from exposure to tissue factor. The tissue factor molecule consists of a 219 amino acid hydrophilic extracellular domain, a 23 amino acid hydrophobic region that spans the membrane, and a 21 amino acid cytoplasmic tail that anchors the molecule to the cell membrane (15,16). Other sites of tissue factor expression include activated monocytes, activated endothelial cells, and atherosclerotic plaques. 

Ialenti, A., Di Meglio, P., Grassia, G., Maffia, P, Di Rosa, M., Lanzetta, R., Molinaro, A., Silipo, A., Grant, W. and Ianaro, A. A novel lipid A from Halomonas magadiensis inhibits enteric LPS-induced human monocyte activation. Eur J Immunol 36 (2006) 354-360. 

Min HY, Semnani R, Mizukami IF, Watt K, Todd RF, III, Liu DY. cDNA for Mo3, a monocyte activation antigen, encodes the human receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. J Immunol 1992 148(11) 3636—3642. 

Under apoptotic conditions in human cells, TyrRS is secreted and then cleaved by the extracellular enzyme leukocyte elas-tase into two fragments. The two fragments have distinct cytokine activities (23). The C-terminal fragment is homologous to the endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II cytokine. It stimulates the production of myeloperoxidase, TNF-a, tissue factor, and migration of polymorphonuclear and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. It also has leukocyte and monocyte chemotaxis activities, which are dependent on a heptapeptide located in the first fi-strand of the fS-barrel structure. 

Witko Sarsat V, Friedlander M, Nguyen Khoa T, Capeillere Blandin C, Nguyen AT, Canteloup S, Dayer JM, Jungers P, Drueke T juid Descamps Latscha B, Advanced oxidation protein products as novel mediators of inflammation and monocyte activation in chronic renal failure. J Immunol 161(5) 2524-32, 1998. 

IP-IO Monocytes Fibroblasts Endothelium Endotoxin IFN7 Chemotaxis monocytes, activated T cells, DTH reactions... 

LD-78 (MIP-1a) T cells Monocytes Mitogens Endotoxin TNF Chemotaxis monocytes, activated CD8 T cells, eosinophils... 

ACT-2 (MIP-1j3) T cells Monocytes Mitogens TNF, IL-2 Chemotaxis monocytes, activated CD4 T cells... 

Schindler S, von Aulock S, Daneshian M, Hartung T (2009) Development, validation and applications of the monocyte activation test for pyrogens based on human whole blood. ALTEX 26 265-277... 

The initial lymphocyte and monocyte activation induced by the OKT3 mAh is responsible for first dose reactions, which include a transient nephrotoxic effect in kidney, transplant recipients. Moreover, activation of the common pathway of coagulation occurs at the initiation of OKT3 therapy. When additional predis-... 

M.A. Schwarz, J. Kandel, J. Brett, J. Li, J. Hayward, R.E. Schwarz, O. Chappey, J.-L. Wautier, J. Chabot, P.L. Gerfo, D. Stern (1999). Endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II, a novel antitumor cytokine that suppresses primary and metastatic tumor growth and induces apoptosis in growing endothelial cells. J. Exp. Med., 190, 341-353. 

Endocrine-gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor Endothelial-monocyte activating polypeptide II... 

Chemoattracts and activates monocytes, activated T cells, basophils, NK cells, and immune dendritic cells Chemoattracts and activates neutrophils and basophils Regulates keratinocyte growth... 

Granulocytes, monocytes, activated B-, T-cells, NK-cells, monocytes, decidua... 

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