Immune status

Immunological products comprise a group of pharmaceutical preparations with diverse origins but with a common pharmacological purpose the enhancement of a recipienf s immune status in a manner that provides immunity to infectious disease. The immunological products that are generally available today are of three types vaccines, immunosera and human immunoglobulins. 

Sanders VM, Tucker AN, White KL Jr, et al. 1982. Humoral and cell-mediated immune status in mice exposed to trichloroethylene in drinking water. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 62 358-368. 

CORDLE C T, WINSHIP T R, SCHALLER J P, THOMAS D J, BUCK R H, OSTROM K M, JACOBS J R, BLATTER M M, CHO s, GOOCH w M, PICKERING L K (2002) Immune status of infants fed soy-based formulas with or without added nucleotides for 1 year part 2 immune cell populations. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 34 145-53. 

Microbial risks are mostly due to single exposures (except for microbial toxins) chemical risks are affected by chronic duration of exposure. Responses to infective pathogens are probably more variable as compared to chemical agents due to different subpopulations and depending on immune status. 

Compare the risk for active tuberculosis disease among patients based on their age, immune status, place of birth, and time since exposure to an active case. 

Since oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis are signs of immunocompromise, the immune status of the patient should be considered in the therapeutic care plan. For HIV-infected patients, this should also include an evaluation of the patient s antiretroviral therapy since fungal infections may represent deterioration in immune status. 

Immunity to tetanus decreases with increasing age, therefore a regular booster every 10 years with tetanus toxoid is recommended. The preferred agent to use in adults is tetanus and diphtheria toxoid (Td) in order to give a booster for diphtheria. Tetanus immunization status should be assessed in the management of wounds in individuals seeking medical care. A tetanus booster should be administered if a tetanus-containing... 

Gemmil, A.W., Viney, M.E. and Read, AF. (1997) Host immune status determines sexuality in a parasitic nematode. Evolution 51, 393—101. 

Lazarus, J. H., McGregor, A. M., Ludgate, M. et al. Effect of lithium carbonate therapy on thyroid immune status in manic depressive patients a prospective study. /. Affect. Disord. 11 155-160,1986. 

TIV is FDA approved for use in people over 6 months of age, regardless of their immune status. Of note, several commercial products are available and are approved for different age groups (Table 41-1). 

Aggressive, early antimicrobial therapy is critical in the management of septic patients. The regimen selected should be based on the suspected site of infection, likely pathogens, and the local antibiotic susceptibility patterns, whether the organism was acquired from the community or a hospital, and the patient s immune status. 

Patients must complete 6 months or more of treatment. HIV-positive patients should be treated for an additional 3 months and at least 6 months from the time that they convert to smear and culture negativity. When INH and RIF cannot be used, treatment duration becomes 2 years or more, regardless of immune status. 

Nutrition affects immune status both directly and indirectly. Total lymphocyte count and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions are immune function tests useful in nutrition assessment. 

Nakanishi, Y. et al., Respiratory involvement and immune status in Yusho patients, Environ. Health Perspect., 59, 31, 1985. 

Immune Status Hematology, Organ Weights, and Histopathology.68... 

Based upon recent controlled studies, there is considerable evidence that opioids such as morphine induce substantial effects on immune status. For example, it has been shown that morphine administration is associated with alterations in a number of immune parameters, such as natural-killer cell activity [12,13], proliferation of lymphocytes, [13, 14] antibody production [15,16], and the production of interferon [17]. Studies in our laboratory have shown that acute morphine treatment in rats suppresses splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses to both T- and B-cell mitogens, splenic natural-killer cell activity, blood lymphocyte mitogenic responsiveness to T-cell mitogens, and the in vitro production of the cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon-y [18-22], Furthermore, the immune alterations induced by morphine are dose-dependent and antagonized by the opioid-receptor antagonist, naltrexone (e.g., [22]). 

Several investigators have shown that many of the physiological and behavioral effects of opioids can be conditioned. For example, environmental stimuli that have been paired with morphine administration can elicit morphine-like effects, such as hyperthermia, when presented in the absence of morphine [76-79], In line with these studies, our laboratory provided the first demonstration that alterations of immune status can be conditioned to environmental stimuli that have been paired with morphine administration [80-82], In that investigation, rats received subcutaneous injections of morphine in a distinctive environment. When rats subsequently were re-exposed to the distinctive... 

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