Immune parameters

Ekam, VS, Udosen, EO, and Chigbu, AE, 2006. Comparative effect of carotenoid complex from Golden Neo-Life Dynamite (GNLD) and carrot extracted carotenoids on immune parameters in albino Wistar rats. Niger J Physiol Sci 21, 1-4. 

Van Loveren, H. et al., Immunotoxicological consequences of perinatal chemical exposures a plea for inclusion of immune parameters in reproduction studies, Toxicology, 185, 185, 2003. 

While profound immunosuppression can lead to an increased incidence of infectious or neoplastic diseases, interpreting data from experimental immunotoxicology studies or epidemiological studies for quantitative risk assessment purposes can be problematic. This is because inadvertent exposures to immunotoxic agents may often be expressed as a mild-to-moderate change, reflected, for example, by a 15 to 25% decrement in an immune parameter compared to control values. To help address the clinical consequences of mild-to-moderate immunosuppression, we examined available experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies that examined the association between suppression of immune function and infectious disease, independent of the etiology of suppression. 

Lange, T. et al., Systemic immune parameters and sleep after ultra-low dose administration of IL-2 in healthy men, Brain Behav. Immun., 16, 663, 2002. 

Based upon recent controlled studies, there is considerable evidence that opioids such as morphine induce substantial effects on immune status. For example, it has been shown that morphine administration is associated with alterations in a number of immune parameters, such as natural-killer cell activity [12,13], proliferation of lymphocytes, [13, 14] antibody production [15,16], and the production of interferon [17]. Studies in our laboratory have shown that acute morphine treatment in rats suppresses splenic lymphocyte proliferative responses to both T- and B-cell mitogens, splenic natural-killer cell activity, blood lymphocyte mitogenic responsiveness to T-cell mitogens, and the in vitro production of the cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon-y [18-22], Furthermore, the immune alterations induced by morphine are dose-dependent and antagonized by the opioid-receptor antagonist, naltrexone (e.g., [22]). 

House, R., Lauer, L., and Murray, M., Examination of immune parameters and host resistance mechanisms in B6C3F1 mice following adult exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 31, 203, 1990. 

The vast majority of information regarding the immunotoxic effects of different chemicals has been derived from laboratory studies of vertebrate responses in which the mechanism of action is evaluated and the subsequent effects on different immune parameters and susceptibility to infection is determined. It is much harder to extrapolate... 

Magnadottir, B. et al. Ontogeny of humoral immune parameters in fish. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 19,429, 2005. 

Basaran, N. et al., Humoral and cellular immune parameters in untreated and phenytoin-or carbamazepine-treated epileptic patients, Int. J. Immunopharmacol., 16,1071, 1994. 

Furthermore, it is necessary to evaluate the isolated and complex physiological effects of some toxic and essential metals on such endpoints (biomarkers) as the neurobehavioral and psycho-physiological parameters and also cardiovascular and immune parameters. The effect depends on metals content in the human body. Moreover, it depends on physiological effects, not only the daily intake. 

Infections and/or parasites may also modulate immune parameters. 

Developmental immunotoxicity of methybnercury the relative sensitivity of developmental and immune parameters. Toxicol Sci 117(2) 325-335... 

The regulation of immune parameters by P. major leaf extract (plantain) may be clinically relevant in numerous diseases including chronic viral infections, tuberculosis, AIDS, and cancer. 

TCDD in the workers was 217 pg/g blood lipid (range, 33.6-2,252) compared to 3.9 pg/g in the controls (range, 2.9-6.0). There was no significant correlation between the current 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations and alterations in any of the immune parameters among the entire exposed group. In addition, the results of the tetanus vaccination and the chromate resistance test were not correlated with... 

Peretz, A., Neve, J., Duchateau, J., Siderova, V., Huygen, K., Framaey, J.-P., and Carpentier, Y.A. 1994. Effects of selenium supplementation on immune parameters in gut failure patients on home parenteral nutrition. Nutrition 7, 215-221. 

Other immune parameters can be measured in the NHP such as cytokine measurements and delayed type hypersensitivity measurements, although these are less well characterized. Many human ELISA kits for cytokines can be used to measure cytokine levels in the NHP, but it is very important to determine if the reagents in these kits do truly cross-react with NHP cytokines. Whereas many of the human reagents do cross-react, exceptions exist, and the reagents need to be tested prior to use on a toxicology study. 

W10. Wikby, A., Johansson, B., Fergunson, F., and Olsson, J., Age-related changes in immune parameters in a very old population of Swedish people A longitudinal study. Exp. Gerontol. 5,531-541 (1994). 

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