Oligosaccharides infant formulas

Alliet, T., Scholtens, P., Raes, M., Hensen, K., Jongen, H., Rummens, J., Boehm, G. Vandenplas, Y. (2007). Effect of prebiotic galacto-oUgosaccharide, long-chain fructo-oligosaccharide infant formula on serum cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. Nutrition, 23, 719-723. 

Rudloff S, Pohlentz G, Diekmann L, Egge H, Kunz C (1996) Urinary excretion of lactose and oligosaccharides in preterm infants fed human milk or infant formula. Acta Paediatr... 

Infant formula feeds now contain the oligosaccharides GOS and FOS with more of the former than the latter, the ratio being around 90% to 10%. Feeding a baby the new kind of formula feed leads to levels of acid that are more in accord with what is found with babies fed on breast milk and this reflects the improved composition of bacteria in the baby s intestines. 

Vandenplas, Y., Oligosaccharides in infant formula, Hr. J. Nutr., 87 (Suppl. 2), S293-S296, 2002. 

Fanaro S, Jelinek J, Stahl B, Boehm G, Kock R, Vigi V. Acidic oligosaccharides from pectin hydrosylate as new component for infant formulae effect on intestinal flora, stool characteristics, and pH. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005 41 186-190. 

Bakker-Zierikzee AM, Alles MS, Knol J, Kok FJ, Tolboom JJM, Bindels JG. Effects of infant formula containing a mixture of galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides or viable Bifidobacterium aninwlis on the intestinal microflora during the first 4 months of life. Br / Nutr. 2005 94 783 -790. 

Moro, G., MinoH, L, Mosca, M. et al (2002) Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides in formula-fed term infants. JPGN, 34, 291-295. 

Boehm, G., Lidestri, M., Casetta, P., Jelinek, J., Negretti, F., Stahl, B., and Marini, A., Supplementation of a bovine milk formula with an oligosaccharide mixture increases counts of faecal bifidobacteria in preterm infants, Arch. Dis. Childhood, 86, F176-F181, 2002. 

The low digestibility—an essential prerequisite to act as a prebiotic— has been demonstrated for GOS and IcFOS (58). A mixture of these two oligosaccharides has been introduced in the market in 2001. The bifidogenic effect of this mixture was shown in several studies in formula-fed preterm (Table 3) and term (Table 2) infants. As in the animal experiment, the effect depends on the dosage (46). At a concentration of 0.8 g/dl (this corresponds to the concentration of neutral oligosaccharides in human milk), the number of bifidobacteria was tantamount to that found in feces of breastfed infants. The bifidogenic effect was associated with a reduction of the stool pH (46,48) as well as a reduction of pathogenic bacteria (48,59). 

Ben X, Zhou X, Zhao W, Yu W, Pan W, Zhang W, Wu S, Van Beusekom M, Schaafsma A. Supplementation of milk formula with galacto-oligosaccharides improves intestinal micro-flora and fermentation in term infants. Chin Med J 2004 117 927-931. 

Bettler J, Euler AR. An evaluation of the growth of term infants fed formula supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharides. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics 2006 1 19-26. 

Knol J, Scholtens P, Kafka C, Steenbakkers J, GroB S, Helm K, Klarczyk M, Schopfer H, Bockler HM, Wells J. Colon microflora in infants fed formula with galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides more hke breast fed infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005 40 36 2. 

A. Supplementation of an oligosaccharide mixture to a bovine milk formula increases counts of faecal bifidobacteria in preterm infants. Arch Dis Childh 2002 86 F178-F181. 

Moro G, Stahl B, Jelinek J, Boehm G, Coppa GV. Dietary prebiotic oligosaccharides are detectable in faeces of formula fed infants. Acta Paediatr 2005 94(Suppl 449) 27-30. 

The number of Bifidobacterium spp. in the intestine of children breastfed is considerably higher than those found in infants fed formula foods intended for children. Human milk contains oligosaccharides as discussed above that promote the proliferation of certain species of Bifidobacterium. In recent years, the demand for an ideal formula of probiotics and prebiotics in infant foods at the stage of lactation has increased (Puccio et al, 2007). 

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