Milk, human infant formulas

Comparison of Aluminum Levels ( g/L) in Breast Milk, Humanized Infant Formulae, and in Special Purpose Infant Formulae... 

Rudloff S, Pohlentz G, Diekmann L, Egge H, Kunz C (1996) Urinary excretion of lactose and oligosaccharides in preterm infants fed human milk or infant formula. Acta Paediatr... 

Packard, V. S. 1982. Human Milk and Infant Formula. Academic Press, New York. 

Christie, W. W. and Clapperton, J. L. 1982. Structures of the triglycerides of cows milk fortified milks (including infant formulae), and human milk. J. Soc. Dairy Technol. 35, 22-24. 

Haroon, Y., Shearer, M. J., Rahim, S., Gunn, W. G., Mcenery, G. and Barkhan, P. 1982. The content of phylloquinone (vitamin Kd in human milk, cows milk and infant formula foods determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Nutr. 112, 1105-1117. 

Sandstrom, B., Cederblad, A. and Lonnerdal, B. 1983. Zinc absorption from human milk, cow s milk and infant formulas. Am. J. Dis. Child. 137, 726-729. 

Since then, there have been a number of reversed-phase separations employing precolumn derivatization. Interestingly, fluorescamine (not frequently employed for RP-HPLC of amino acids with precolumn reaction) has been reported for taurine analysis in milk (197) and human plasma (198). Precolumn derivatization with OPA/2-mercaptoethanol has been reported for the analysis of infant formula and human breast milk (199). Although not the principal focus of the study, Carratu et al. (200) report taurine values in parenteral solutions as determined by FMOC. In an excellent article, Woollard and Indyk (201) report the dansylation of taurine for its determination in a wide variety of dairy-related products. Subsequently, the same authors report the results of a large collaborative study (202) for the determination of taurine (again, by dansylation) in milk and infant formula. This study afforded an overall interlaboratory RSD of 7.0% and established a lower limit for determination at 5 mg taurine per 100 g of product. 

E-L Syvaoja, V Piironen, P Varo, P Koivistoinen, K Salminen. Tocopherols and tocotrienols in Finnish foods human milk and infant formulas. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 55 159-166, 1985. 

Y Pico, E Viana, G Font, J Manes. Determination of organochlorine pesticide content in human milk and infant formulas using solid phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 43 1610-1615, 1995. 

CDDs are found everywhere in the environment, and most people are exposed to very small background levels of CDDs when they breath air, consume food or milk, or have skin contact with materials contaminated with CDDs. For the general population, more than 90% of the daily intake of CDDs, CDFs, and other dioxin-like compounds comes from food, primarily meat, dairy products, and fish. CDDs may be present at much lower levels in fruits and vegetables. The actual intake of CDDs from food for any one person will depend on the amount and type of food consumed and the level of contamination. Higher levels may be found in foods from areas contaminated with chemicals, such as pesticides or herbicides, containing CDDs as impurities. CDDs have been measured in human milk, cow s milk, and infant formula, so infants are known to be exposed to CDDs. 

Commercial applications. Over the last decade, bovine LF has been commercialised in various applications, e.g., in milk-based infant formulas, health supplements, functional foods and drinks, cosmetics, oral care products, chewing gums and feed supplements (Steijns, 2001). Such products are targeted at optimal iron delivery, mimicking human breast milk or boosting natural defense systems against infections. Also, LF could be exploited as a natural antioxidant due to its strong ability to bind iron, which is an important catalyst for free radical formation inside the cells. 

Water Water RMs Water and miso soup Milk and infant formula Human milk... 

Human milk Human milk Human milk Human milk and infant formula Milk... 

Iodine and Se speciation in breast milk provides an example of the use of CE in hyphenated systems with ICP-MS detection. By employing CE, Michalke and colleagues determined selenoaminocids and identified two chemical forms of iodine, I- and thyroxine, which were present in comparable amounts in milk [115-117]. Other authors used SEC and IEC for I speciation in various types of milk and infant formulae (see Table 8.3) and found I- as the main species, with the exception of breast milk and formulae. The latter were found to contain less I than commercial and human milk, and mostly as an unidentified macromolecular compound. 

Several publications have addressed multielemental analysis in milk whey, cow s milk, human milk and infant formulas using SF-ICP-MS (see Table 13.9). Rivero Martino et al. [96] reported the multielemental analysis of a wide range of elements in human, cow s, and formula milk whey samples. Milk whey was obtained by centrifugation and then diluted 1 4 (v/v) with milliQ water for minor and trace elemental analysis (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn) and 1 1999 (v/v) for major elements (Ca, Mg, and Na). Gallium, Rh,... 

N. Campillo, P. Vinas, I. Lopez-Garcia, M. Hemandez-Cordoba, Direct determination of copper and zinc in cow milk, human milk and infant formula samples using ETAAS, Talanta, 46 (1998), 615-622. 

Isaacs, C.E., Kashyap, S., Heird, W.C.,Thormar, H. 1990. Antiviral and antibacterial lipids in human milk and infant formula feeds. Arch. Dis. Child. 65, 861-864. 

Jensen, R.G., Ferris, A.M., Lammi-Keefe, C. J. 1992. Lipids in human milk and infant formulas. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 12, 417-441... 

Infant formulas are supplemented with Mn and other trace elements in the form of inorganic salts. Whether these supplemented minerals have different bioavailabilities from their counterparts found naturally in human milk or bovine milk has not been extensively investigated. Chan and associates previously reported that Mn was bound to different molecules in human milk, bovine milk and infant formula (12). Inadequate or excessive intake of Mn has severe effects especially during infancy (1,13). It is therefore important to evaluate the bioavailability of Mn in different milk diets. To achieve this aim, suckling rats and everted intestinal sacs derived from these animals were used as systems to study the absorption of Mn from rat milk, human milk, bovine milk and infant formula. Effect of age on Mn absorption in suckling rat pups from various milk diets was also investigated. Some of the data presented in this article have been reported previously (14-17). 

Zeisel, S. H., Char, D., and Shepard, M. F. (1986)- Choline, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in human and bovine milk and infant formulas, /. Nutr. 116,50-56,... 

Jensen RG, Hagerty MM, McMahon KE. Lipids of human milk and infant formulas areview. Am J Clin Nutr 1978 31(6) 990-1016. 

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