Infant formulas docosahexaenoic acid

Clandinin MT, Van Aerde IE, Parrott A, Field CJ, Euler A. R, Lien EL. Assessment of the efficacious dose of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in preterm infant formulas fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane lipids. Pediatr Res 1997 42 819-825. 

Clandinin, M. T., Van Aerde, J. E., Parrott, A., Field, C. J., Euler, A.R., and Lien, E.L. (1997) Assessment of the Efficacious Dose of Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Preterm Infant Formulas Fatty Acid Composition of Erythrocyte Membrane Lipids, Pediatr. Res. 42, 819-825. 

Fish protein isolate Magnesium lactate Psyllium Vitamin Ki Yeast supplement, infant formulas Arachidonic acid Docosahexaenoic acid supplement, mineral Cobalt diacetate supplement, vitamin (+)-y-Tocopherol supporter, storage batteries 2-Chloronaphthalene suppressant, appetite Guar (Cyanopsis tetragonoloba) gum suppressant, smoke paints Zinc hydroxystannate suppressant, smoke plastics Zinc hydroxystannate Zinc stannate suppressant, smoke rubber Zinc hydroxystannate suppressant, sulfide Ferrous sulfate anhydrous suractant mfg. 

Another commercially available product containing naturally occurring marine products is Formulaid , produced by Martek Biosciences as a nutritional supplement for infant formulas. Formulaid contains two fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), extracted from a variety of marine microalgae. ARA and DHA are the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk, and they are the most important fatty acids used in the development of brain gray matter. They are especially desirable for use in infant formulas because they come from nonmeat sources and can be advertised as vegetarian additives to the product. 

Another marine product undergoing development is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), developed via fermentation of a microalgae. DHA is a major component in human gray matter and is important for normal healthy development in infants. Various groups, such as the World Health Organization, have recommended DHA s inclusion in infant formulas at levels similar to those found in human milk. DHA is presently used in Belgium and Holland and is expected to gain approval in the United States. 

Woods J, Ward G. Salem NJ. Is docosahexaenoic acid necessary in infant formula Evaluation of high linolenate diets in the neonatal rat. Pediatr Res 1996 40 687-694. 

Jorgensen MH, Hemeh O, Lund P, Hohner G, Michaelsen KF. Visual acuity and erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid status in breast-fed and formula-fed term infants during the first four months of life. Lipids 1996 31 99-105. 

Jorgenson MH, Hohner G, Lund P, Hernell O, Fleischer Michaelsen K. Effect of formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid and y-linolenic acid on fatty acid status and visual acuity in term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998 26 412-421. 

Hibbeln JR, DePetrillo P. Higley JD, Schoaf S, Lindell S. Salem N Jr. Improvement in heai t rate variability which persist into adolescence using infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology Annual Meeting, 1999. 

The experimental study of FA deficit has been characterized by investigations that utilize food deprivation or restrictions on nutritional intake, and by designs that have provided for dietary supplementation of the FA and/or their metaboUtes (especially DHA and its precursors EPA and LNA). Metabolic studies continue to address many of the unexplained complexities associated with the behavior performance observations in the laboratory. Among the questions of interest are How do the EFAs get into the brain and other organs What is the basis for the apparent selectivity of various organs, cells, and subcellular organelles for particular lipids and FA Why is DHA (docosahexaenoic acid 22 6n-3) concentrated in the brain How can the adult brain maintain its DHA even when there is little support in the diet How much can the metabolism of the precursors of DHA (e.g., LNA, EPA, etc.) support DHA composition in the brain in comparison to the incorporation of preformed DHA taken in the diet In addition to their basic science value, these issues have practical implications for public health policy, such as the design of infant formulas. 

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are two fatty acids abundant in human milk, but until recently, were not contained in commercial infant formulas. While the role of ARA supplementation is unclear, DHA is known to be important in both brain and eye development. In some studies, DHA and ARA supplementation has been shown to provide benefits to a child s visual function and/or cognitive and behavioral development. " Other studies have shown no difference with DHA and ARA supplementation. The FDA has classified the plant-based fatty acid blends of DHA and ARA (DHASCO, ARASCO Martek Biosciences Corporation) as generally recognized as safe in infant formulas. 

Innis SM, Adamkin DH, Hall RT, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid and arachi-donic acid enhance growth with no adverse effects in preterm infants fed formula. J Pediatr 2002 140 547-554. 

Fig. 6. Effect of dietary treatment on arachidonic acid (ARA) as wt% of total fatty acids in mucosal phosphatidylcholine. Values shown are means + SD, n = 6. Bars with different superscript letters differ, (P< 0.05). Baseline (BL), piglets killed at 1 d of age before initiation of dietary treatment SOW, piglets naturally reared on sow s milk FF(STD), piglets formula-fed a milk replacer formula containing a standard (STD) fat blend similar to that in conventional Infant formula FF + ARA, piglets formula-fed a milk replacer formula containing a standard fat supplemented with ARA FF + ARA/DHA, piglets formula-fed a milk replacer formula containing a standard fat blend supplemented with ARA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Huang, M.-C., and Craig-Schmidt, M.C. (1996) Arachidonate and Docosahexaenoate Added to Infant Formula Influence Fatty Acid Composition and Subsequent Eicosanoid Production in Neonatal Pigs. J. Nutr. 126,2199-2208. 

Fig. 1. The n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturates in the four formulas. Diet designations correspond to multiples of the long-chain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations in Diet 1, which contains levels recommended for human infant formulas. Diet 0 is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA)-free control. Diets 2 and 5 had 2- and 5-fold greater concentrations of DHA and AA than Diet 1.

Several spedes are of commercial interest for the fish feed industry and as natural sources of PUFAs for health food and infant nutrition formulas. Health food applications focus on products containing eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while infant formulas contain arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA as PUFA components. EPA enriched products are mainly based on purified fish oils, whereas ARA and DHA are also produced microbially in an industrial scale. ... 

Historically one approach to match human-milk composition is to add new ingredients (see Appendix B for the composition of formulas and human milk). This turns out to be a quixotic quest since human milk is a complex body fluid that is variable not only among individuals, but within an individual over time. In addition, it contains components, such as live cells and bioactive compounds, that either cannot be added to formulas or cannot survive a shelf life. Finally, not all human-milk constituents are essential some, like LC-PUFAs, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (ARA), can be synthesized by term and preterm infants born at 33 weeks gestation (Uauy et al., 2000). 

Uses Antistat, skin conditioner in cosmetics mfig. of tabiets, capsuies, food premixes aquaculture infant formula supplement 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid. See Docosahexaenoic acid Docosanamide. See Behenamide... 

Capaldi RA., ed. Membrane Proteins and Their Interactions with Lipids. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1977, p. 1. Carlson SE, Ford AJ, Workman SH, Peeples JM, Koo WWK, Visual acuity and fatty acid status of term infants fed human milk and formula with and without docosahexaenoate and arachidonate from egg yolk... 

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