Sodium infant formula

Products prepared from soy protein products and resembling chicken, ham, frankfurters, and bacon are available commercially. Soy protein isolates are used in place of milk proteins or sodium caseinate in products such as coffee creamers, whipped toppings, yogurt, and infant formulas (see Dairy substitutes). Soy protein products also are used in snacks and in baked foods. 

FIGURE 19 Choline in infant formula. Columns 4x250mm lonPac CSI2A, and 4x50mm CGI2A. Flow rate I mLmin. Eluent l8mM MSA. Injection volume lOpL. Detection suppressed conductivity, CSRS (4 mm), recycle mode. Ions I— sodium 2—ammonium 3—choline 4—potassium 5—magnesium 6—calcium. Sample preparation add 30 mL of I M HCI to 5 g sample, mix well, place in 70°C water bath for 3 h, cool, filter and dilute to 100 mL. 

DOCUSATE SODIUM (Dioctyl Sodium Sulfosuccinate DSS) Give in milk, fruit juice, or infant formula to mask taste. In enemas, add 50 to 100 mg (5 to 10 mL liquid) to a retention or flushing enema. 

Infants with salt-wasting CAH require mineralocorticoid replacement therapy, usually with fludrocortisone (9oc-fluorohydrocortisone). In addition, they require sodium chloride (1-2 g/day) since the sodium content of both breast milk and common infant formulas is only sufficient to meet the requirements of healthy infants (White and Speiser, 2000). Older children often acquire a taste for salty foods and do not require daily sodium chloride tablets. Plasma renin activity may be used to monitor mineralocorticoid and sodium replacement. 

Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edn. Rev 1, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 984.27. Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Zinc in Infant Formula - Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Method (2002)... 

Fassinger N, Dabbagh S, Mukhopadhyay S, Lee DY. Mineral content of infant formula after treatment with sodium polystyrene sulfonate or calcium polystyrene sulfonate. Adv Perit Dial 1998 14 274-7. 

Canned liquid soy-isolate infant formula Ferric pyrophosphate Ferric sodium pyrophosphate... 

Animal foodstuffs, with the exception of unsalted butter, naturally contain much more sodium than unsalted vegetable foodstuffs. Curd is relatively sodium-poor. Most of the sodium contained in milk leaves the curd with the whey. Cheese (7000-28000 mg kg DM of sodium) and sausage obtain their high sodium concentrations through NaCl-supplementation. As with breast milk, the sodium concentration of infant formulas is lower in sodium than cows milk, and covers the sodium requirement of babies (Harzer and Haschke 1989, Baranowski 2000). Fresh trout store only 4000 mg kg DM of sodium, while smoked (and salted) trout contains 18000mgkg f Marine fish deliver between 6000 and 29000 mg kg DM of sodium to the food chain. By comparison, salted herring contain huge amounts of sodium, perhaps 100 g Na or 250 g NaCl kg DM. 

Potassium chloride is present in some foods in small amounts. The compound is also used as a food additive to increase the acidity and to stabilize, thicken, or soften some food products, such as jams and jellies and preserves that are artificially sweetened. Many infant formulas also contain potassium chloride. Potassium chloride is also used as a nutrient for yeast cultures and in making beer. The compound is used as a salt substitute for people who are on low-salt (meaning low-sodium) diets. Some brand names of these products are LoSalt , Reheis Less Salt Blend , and Morton Lite Salt . 

Boric acid and sodium borate have been used for many years in a variety of products as antiseptics and fungistatic agents in baby talcum powder. Boric acid powder (99%) is still used as a pesticide against ants and cockroaches. In the past, repeated and indiscriminate application of boric acid to broken or abraded skin resulted in many cases of severe poisoning. Epidemics have also occurred after boric acid was mistakenly added to infant formula or used in food preparation. Although chronic toxicity seldom occurs now, acute ingestion by children at home is common. 

Arsenic acid Sodium nitrate Sodium sulfate clarifier, infant formulas Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate clarifier, liq. soaps Tetrapotassium pyrophosphate clarifier, liqs. 

Calcium carbide Calcium cyanamide Di-iron phosphide Magnesium iron oxide removal Citric acid iron processing Bismuth iron refining Calcium cyanamide iron removal Aluminum sulfate iron source Sodium ferric EDTA iron source, food Ferrous fumarate iron source, infant formulas Ferrous fumarate iron source, nutritional food Ferric pyrophosphate iron source, nutritional infant formulas Ferric pyrophosphate iron source, nutritional pharmaceuticals Ferric pyrophosphate iron source, pharmaceuticals Ferrous fumarate iron source, special dietary food Ferric choline citrate iron, tempering Potassium ferricyanide iron/manganese removal, water treatment Calcium hydroxide iron/steel casting Tellurium... 

Vitamin K Wheat (Triticum vulgare) germ Zinc gluconate Zinc methionine sulfate Zinc oxide Zinc stearate Zinc sulfate Zinc sulfate heptahydrate nutrient, gelatin capsules Retinyi paimitate nutrient, geriatric food Lactose monohydrate nutrient, hair care Sodium pantothenate nutrient, health food Lactose monohydrate Octacosanol nutrient, horticulture Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate nutrient, infant formulas Ferric pyrophosphate Ferrous fumarate Ferrous lactate Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Inositol... 

Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc Infant formulas ... 

Vitamin K (phylloquinone), 2, 3 -dihydrophylloquinone, and menaquinones (where n = 4, 5, 6) were extracted fiom milk and infant formula and analyzed on a C,8 column (A = 243 nm, ex 430 nm, em). All compounds were well resolved and eluted in 15 min using a 90/10/0.5 methanol/dichloromethane/methanol (with lOitiM zinc chloride, 5mM sodium acetate, and 5mM acetic acid) mobile phase [344]. Note that this level of salts in the mobile phase could precipitate in various parts of the LC system. Flush the system regularly. The linear working curve extended from 2 to 50 ng/mL with a detection limit of 1.5 ng/mL. The authors noted that this compared favorably to a UV detection limit (at A = 269 nm) of 50 ng/mL. 

The majority of radicals are highly reactive, and die lifetime is too short to allow for direct detection in a liquid phase. A well-known exception to this is the ascorbyl radical that has been investigated in milk and infant formula by direct detection (8,16). Protein-derived and protein-lipid-dmved radicals can also be measured directly in products in which the aqueous phase is immobilized e.g., milk powder (17-19), freeze-dried milk, and cheese (20-22). In such products, a broad slightly asymmetric signal is observed (Figure 3X which has no hyperfine structure due to the restricted motion of the molecule. Similar radicals have been observed in dry milk protein products (sodium caseinates) uid freeze-dried preparations of p-lactoglobulin, P-casein, a,-casein and K-casein (7). 

Vitamin B5 occurs in three biologically active forms in foods [1] pantothenic acid, coenzyme A (CoA), and acyl carrier protein (ACP). Calcium or sodium pantothenate are the forms generally used as supplements in infant formula [4], The total quantification of vitamin B5 requires the release of pantothenic acid from CoA and ACR Since it consists of pantoic acid linked through an amide linkage to p-alanine, chemical hydrolysis cannot be used. The only alternative to free pantothenic acid from CoA is the digestion with a number of enzymes (pepsin, alkaline phosphatase, pantetheinase) nevertheless, this treatment is unable to release the vitamin from ACP [27,28]. For the extraction of free pantothenic acid from milk and calcium pantothenate from infant formula an acidic deproteination is often used, followed by centrifugation and filtration [29,30]. 

FIGURE 10.10 Chromatograms of saccharides in (A) fruit yogurt, (B) candy, and (C) infant formula. Peak identification 1, D-galactose 2, D-glucose 3, saccharose 4, D-fructose 5, lactose 6, maltose 7, maltotriose 8, maltotetraose 9, maltopentaose 10, maltohexaose 11, maltoheptaose. Conditions Linear gradient from 0 to 0.25 M sodium acetate in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide on CarhoPAC PAl column (Dionex). Detection Pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). (Reprinted from Van Riel, J. and Olieman, C., Carbohydr. Res., 215, 39-46,1991.)... 

Modified milks with low protein content, especially those based on demineralised whey, may not contain sufficient zinc, copper and other trace metals, since many trace elements are bound to the protein and are also removed during whey demineralisation, whose purpose is to reduce the excess of sodium and potassium. Supplements of trace elements are frequently poorly absorbed Trace mineral deficiencies may result from otherwise desirable modifications to milk for infant formulae. Pre-term infants are at greatest risk of deficiency, as they have inadequate stores laid down at the time of birth. Human milk provides the safest utilisable source of trace minerals, though preterm infants may require additional supplies. 

Modification of a food to make it less harmful by removing potential toxins or allergens may create a functional food. Using this criterion, infant formula, protein hydrolysates, low-sodium salt substitutes, low-fat dairy products, and low-erucic-acid rapeseed oil (canola oil) might be considered functional foods. 

Crystalline amino acid bulk solutions are supplied by various manufacturers in various concentrations (e.g., 3.5%, 5%, 7%, 8.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Different formulations are tailored for specific age groups (e.g., adults and infants) and disease states (e.g., renal and liver disease). Specialized formulations for patients with renal failure contain higher proportions of essential amino acids. Formulas for patients with hepatic encephalopathy contain higher amounts of branched-chain and lower amounts of aromatic amino acids. However, these specialized formulations should not be used routinely in clinical practice because their efficacy has not been clearly demonstrated. Crystalline amino acid solutions have an acidic pH (pH = 5-7) and may contain inherent electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium, acetate, and phosphate). 

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