Manganese infant formulas

Manganese is found in much higher concentrations in infant formulas than in breast milk. In fact, soy-based formulas were shown to contain about 80 times more Mn than breast milk [11]. Also, animal protein-based formulas contained also about 30 times more Mn than human milk. Infants are not able to absorb and excrete excess Mn during their first year of life, a period of rapid development. As Mn is neurotoxic and impairs intestinal Fe absorption, it would be desirable to reduce Mn levels in infant formulas down to those found in human milk (4-8 p,g l-1). Coni et al. [12] reported that in formulas more than 25 percent of total Mn is bound to caseins. On the other hand, Mn present in soy- and in cow s milk-based formula whey is mainly associated with LMW components (< 10 kDa), as is the case with human milk whey [15, 18, 34, 72],... 

Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edn. Rev 1, AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, Official Method 984.27. Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Zinc in Infant Formula - Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Method (2002)... 

Manganese is a natural component of most foods. The highest manganese concentrations (up to 40 ppm) are found in nuts and grains, with lower levels (up to 4 ppm) found in milk products, meats, fish, and eggs. Concentrations of manganese in infant formulas range from 34 to 1000 ppb, compared to concentrations of 10 ppb in human milk and 30 ppb in cow s milk. 

Children would be exposed to manganese in the same manner as adults. The main source of exposure of children to manganese is through food. Infants and young toddlers may be exposed to concentrations higher than the estimated safe and adequate dose for their age group because of the increased levels of the element in infant formulas as compared to breast milk (Collipp et al. 1983 Cook 1997 Dorner et al. 1989 Keen et al. 1986 Lonnerdal et al. 1983, 1994). Manganese concentrations in blood serum of children of different... 

Chan WY, Bates JM Jr, Rennert OM, et al. 1984. Intestinal transport of manganese from human milk, bovine milk and infant formula in rats. Life Sci 35 2415-2419. 

Collipp PJ, Chen SY, Maitinsky S. 1983. Manganese in infant formulas and learning disability. Ann Nutr Metab 27 488-494. 

Davidsson L, Cederblad A, Lonnerdal B, et al. 1989b. Manganese absorption from human milk, cow s milk, and infant formulas in humans. Am J Dis Child 143 823-827. 

Keen CL, Bell JG, Lonnerdal B. 1986. The effect of age on manganese uptake and retention from milk and infant formulas in rats. J Nutr 116 395-402. 

Eonnerdal B, Keen CE, Ohtake M, et al. 1983. Iron, zinc, copper, and manganese in infant formulas. Am J Dis Child 137 433-437. 

Eonnerdal B, Kelleher SL, Kaup SM, et al. 1998. Effect of manganese level of infant formula on manganese and iron status and retention in infant monkeys [Abstract]. EASEB J 12 A970. 

Lonnerdal B, Yuen M, Huang S. 1994. Calcium, iron, zinc, copper and manganese bioavailability from infant formulas and weaning diets assessed in rat pups. Nutr Res 14 1535-1548. 

The other major area of manganese involvement in developmental processes is the nervous system [14]. A number of authors [486-488] have provided details on the effects of the metal on brain development. Evidence supports a role for excess Mn(II) in inhibiting neurite extension and formation of neuromuscular synapses [489] and for normal Mn(II) levels to be involved in the development of action potentials in explanted cortical neurons [490]. Collipp et al. [491] have reviewed the relationship between manganese in infant formulae and learning disabilities. In the ageing process, some correlation has been found between changes in brain concentrations of Mn(II) and Alzheimer s disease [492]. 

HMIS Health 2, Flammability 0, Reactivity 0 Uses Fertilizer additive animal feed additive paints varnishes ceramics glass/porcelain ingred. textile dyes medicine fungicide ore flotation catalyst in viscose process synthetic manganese dioxide dietary supplement, nutrient in foods, beverages, infant formulas Regulatory FDA 21CFR 184.1461, 582.80,... 

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Calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and zinc Infant formulas ... 

The upper level of manganese that should be present in infant formula is uncertain, with Hambidge and Krebs [36] proposing an upper limit of 50 p,g/100 kcal (approximately 200 xg/liter) based on toxicity levels however, cow s milk formulas typically contain much more manganese (80-100 xg/liter) than breast milk (6 p.g/liter), and manganese uptake is much greater from the formula [37]. Conclusions here are bedeviled by the fact that the various milks differ not only in... 

Stastny, D., Vngei, R. S-, and Picciano, M, K (1984). Manganese intake and serum manganese concentration of human milk-fed and formula-fed infants. Aw. /. Clin. Duir 39, 872-878,... 

One study showed that, in full-term infants, manganese is absorbed from breast milk and cow s milk formulas that were either unsupplemented or supplemented with iron, copper, zinc, and iodine (Domer et al. 1989). Manganese intake was greater in the formula-fed infants than in the breast-fed infants due to the higher manganese content of the formula. However, breast-fed infants retained more of their daily intake of... 

Dorner K, Dziadzka S, Hohn A, et al. 1989. Longitudinal manganese and copper balances in young infants and preterm infants fed on breast-milk and adapted cow s milk formulas. Br J Nutr 61 559-572. 

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