Infant food formula

When soy-based products are promoted as healthy foods possessing putative beneficial estrogenic and anticarcinogenic activity, some of these properties due to their isoflavones, the findings mentioned in the previous paragraph should be highlighted, due to the widespread use of these products in infant food formulas and the consumption of soy products by people with vegetarian diets. 

There have also been reports [36, 37] that racemization of amino acids occurs more rapidly using MW heating than conventional heating at the same temperature. Chen et al. [36] observed that racemization of amino acids in acetic acid the presence of benzaldehyde was accelerated by MW heating. Lubec et al. [37] reported that some D-proline and ris-4-hydroxy-D-proline were found in samples of infant milk formula when they were heated in a MW oven. On the other hand, conventionally heated samples did not contain these unnatural D-amino acids. This report caused concern, and received media attention because D-proline is neurotoxic and suggested that MW heating of some foods could have deleterious effects on their nutritional value and the health of the consumer. 

Annex VI lists the additives permitted in infant foods and foods for young children. Part 1 lists the few additives allowed in infant formulae for infants in good health, part 2 those allowed in follow-on formulae for infants in good health, and part 3 the additives permitted in weaning foods for infants and young children in good health. Part 4 applies the lists in parts 1-3 to foods for infants and young children for special medical purposes. 

Lactose has a sweetish taste, and is used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry. It is the second most widely used compound and is employed as a diluent, filler or binder in tablets, capsules and other oral product forms, a-lactose is used for the production of lactitol, which is present in diabetic products, low calorie sweeteners and slimming products. As lactose is only 30 per cent as sweet as sugar it is used as a sugar supplement, and also in food and confectionery. It is used in infant milk formulas. 

As discussed in section 8.2.5, lysozyme has been isolated from the milk of a number of species human and equine milks are especially rich sources. In view of its antibacterial activity, the large difference in the lysozyme content of human and bovine milks may have significance in infant nutrition. It is claimed that supplementation of baby food formulae based on cows milk with egg-white lysozyme gives beneficial results, especially with premature babies, but views on this are not unanimous. 

Bone et al.20 originally showed that MP was as highly variable in the infant retina as it is in the adult retina. Z is the dominant carotenoid in the center of the adult retina and L predominates in the periphery (thus, in vivo measures of MP account mostly for zeaxanthin concentration). This ratio appears to be reversed in the infant retina, where L dominates in the center (at this point, of course, the macula is quite immature and similar to the periphery). Although all of the factors responsible for the wide variation in infant MP have not been studied, dietary intake of L and Z is still clearly necessary. Whereas MP can be manipulated in the adult via intake of xanthophyll-rich foods, the obvious concern with infants is that food options are limited to breast milk or manufactured infant formulas. Breast milk contains at least 300 defined nutrients, whereas most infant formulas contain approximately 60-70 defined nutrients76 Currently, infant formula does not contain L and Z in other than trace amounts,76 and many formulas are completely devoid of L. In contrast, breast milk contains L and Z in concentrations that are approximately proportional to maternal intake of these carotenoids.77 These observations are important since many infants are exclusively formula fed. Johnson et al.21 showed that breast-fed infants and formula-fed infants had the same levels of plasma L and Z at birth. After 1 month, however, plasma L and Z significantly increased for the breast-fed infants and decreased in the formula-fed infants. This implies that retinal levels in formula-fed infants are also low. 

Processed infant food products such as rice-based cereals, mixed rice/formula cereals, milk-based infant formula, apple sauce, and puree of peaches, pears, carrots, sweet potatoes, green beans, and squash were analyzed [29]. Inorganic... 

The vitamin is widely distributed in foods, and clinical deficiency is virtually unknown, apart from an outbreak during the 1950s, which resulted from overheating of infant milk formula. 

Nutritional fortification Humanized infant formulae Low-lactose infant formulae Specific mineral balance infant foods... 

Precautions GRAS (generally recognized as safe) by FDA when used within limits states except for infant foods and formulas. 

Products and Uses Used on meat and poultry products, except infant foods and infant formulas. It is a flavor enhancer, flavoring agent, and moisturizing agent. 

Rowan, N.J. et al (2001) Putative virulence factor expression by clinical and food isolates of Bacillus spp. after growth in reconstituted infant milk formulae. Appl Environ. Microbiol, 67 (9), 3873-3881. 

Several spedes are of commercial interest for the fish feed industry and as natural sources of PUFAs for health food and infant nutrition formulas. Health food applications focus on products containing eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while infant formulas contain arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA as PUFA components. EPA enriched products are mainly based on purified fish oils, whereas ARA and DHA are also produced microbially in an industrial scale. ... 

Infant food such as human milk and fortified formula provide an essential source of nutrition for baby feed. This nutrition is essential for normal growth and functioning of the human body therefore, particular attention should be paid to ensure an adequate and balanced intake of vitamins. Several methods have been developed for the analysis of vitamins in infant foods. Huang and coworkers determined vitamin K1 isomers (cis- and trans-forms) in infant formulas using UPLC-MS/MS [83]. 

In 1979, an advance notice of proposed rulemaking was published by FDA in the Federal Register (44 FR 51233) describing FDA s philosophy on controlling lead in foods. It proposed various steps to expedite the reduction of lead in the food supply. Among these was the establishment of action levels for lead in canned infant foods, such as evaporated milk, formula, and juices, and subsequent action levels for lead in other food products consumed by adults but with priority given to foods fed to children at early ages. Our concern for adult canned foods... 

In conclusion, this symposium has been convened because of concerns about exposure of infants to toxic levels of certain elements in infant foods. I am pleased that the organizers have, at the same time, recognized the necessity of considering the other end of the spectrum. The changes in infant feeding practices in recent years have placed a clear responsibility on us to undertake extensive research to determine the optimal trace element content of infant formulas. Meanwhile, strenuous efforts are required to avoid inadvertent trace deficiencies while, at the same time, avoiding the potential hazards of over-zealous supple-mentation/fortification programs. 

Pantothenic acid itself is not used as it is hygroscopic and unstable. Its more stable sodium salt and, especially, the calcium salt are synthesized chemically and used pharmaceutically, mainly in solid multivitamin preparations and as an additive compound for some foods (such as infant milk formulas) and domestic animal feeds. Calcium pantothenate is most stable in almost neutral media (pH 6 to 7). Salts of pantothenic acid are colorless crystals and less hygroscopic (especially the calcium salt) than pantothenic acid. The solubility of calcium pantothenate in water at 25°C is 0.356 g/mL, whereas the sodium salt also is very water soluble. 

An HPLC method was also applied for the determination of calcium pantothenate in infant milk formulas fortified with this salt (53). However, none of HPLC methods are yet useful for the determination of the total content of pantothenic acid in complex matrices such as foods and feeds. 

ANEMIAS, The lack of sufficient red blood cells is considered to be a sign of anemia, although there is still controversy as to the hemoglobin levels that should be characterized as subnormal. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common one found in infants, although this type of condition may also result from other nutritional deficiencies or certain nonnutri-tional causes such as slow, but prolonged internal bleeding. Fortunately, there are a variety of iron-fortified infant foods and formulas that may be used to treat mild cases of anemia, and certain forms of medicinal iron may be used in the more severe cases. 

Feeding of infants with formulas represents a considerable MRPs load. N -(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) represents a chemically-defined MRP, and widely used indicator of the Maillard reaction in foods. Theoretical daily burden of dietary CML in 6-month-old breast-fed infants represents 0.01-0.03 mg/d, while in the formula-fed children 4.614.2 mg/d". In comparison with the breast-fed children, high dietary intake of CML in formula-fed infants results in significantly higher plasma CML concentration (+46%), and... 

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