Human Milk and Infant Formulas

GUNTHER BOEHM,BERND STAHL, JAN KNOL AND JOHANN GARSSENt-5 

compared to breastfed infants, the same capacity for development is offered to formnla-fed infants, functional components have to be fonnd that are able to compensate for the differences still present. 

This chapter is focnsed on the influence of breastfeeding on the postnatal development of intestinal microbiota, the possibihties to mimic this fnnction with oligosaccharides of nonmilk origin, and the benefits regarding the postnatal development of the immrme system. 

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Packard, V. S. 1982. Human Milk and Infant Formula. Academic Press, New York. 

E-L Syvaoja, V Piironen, P Varo, P Koivistoinen, K Salminen. Tocopherols and tocotrienols in Finnish foods human milk and infant formulas. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 55 159-166, 1985. 

Y Pico, E Viana, G Font, J Manes. Determination of organochlorine pesticide content in human milk and infant formulas using solid phase extraction and capillary gas chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 43 1610-1615, 1995. 

Human milk Human milk Human milk Human milk and infant formula Milk... 

Several publications have addressed multielemental analysis in milk whey, cow s milk, human milk and infant formulas using SF-ICP-MS (see Table 13.9). Rivero Martino et al. [96] reported the multielemental analysis of a wide range of elements in human, cow s, and formula milk whey samples. Milk whey was obtained by centrifugation and then diluted 1 4 (v/v) with milliQ water for minor and trace elemental analysis (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn) and 1 1999 (v/v) for major elements (Ca, Mg, and Na). Gallium, Rh,... 

N. Campillo, P. Vinas, I. Lopez-Garcia, M. Hemandez-Cordoba, Direct determination of copper and zinc in cow milk, human milk and infant formula samples using ETAAS, Talanta, 46 (1998), 615-622. 

Isaacs, C.E., Kashyap, S., Heird, W.C.,Thormar, H. 1990. Antiviral and antibacterial lipids in human milk and infant formula feeds. Arch. Dis. Child. 65, 861-864. 

Jensen, R.G., Ferris, A.M., Lammi-Keefe, C. J. 1992. Lipids in human milk and infant formulas. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 12, 417-441... 

Jensen RG, Hagerty MM, McMahon KE. Lipids of human milk and infant formulas areview. Am J Clin Nutr 1978 31(6) 990-1016. 

Torres MA, Verdoy J, Alegrf A, et al. 1999. Selenium contents of human milk and infant formulas in Spain. Sci Total Environ 228 185-192. 

Krachler M, Prohaska T, Koellensperger G, Rossipal E and Stingeder G (2000) Concentrations of selected trace elements in human milk and infant formulas determined by magnetic sector field inducdvdy coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Biol Trace Element Res 76 97-112. 

In the Slovak pilot study the cadmium content was investigated in human milk and reconstituted infant formula obtained from the Lactarium of the Pediatric Hospital in Bratislava (Table 18) (Ursmyova and Hladikova, 1997). The calculated median intakes of cadmium from human milk and infant formula were similar and they represent 8.0 and 9.6% of PTWI, respectively. The calculated intake of cadmium by maximum oral exposure scenario via neither human milk nor infant formula did not exceed the PTWI level. 

Approximately 80% of iodine in human milk is present as L, while, mainly, another six high molecular weight iodine containing molecules (Braetter et al., 1998) account for the remaining 20%. European breast milk samples have been determined to contain 95 + 60 pg/l total iodine. The total iodine content varied depending on the lactation state, and iodine was associated with fat at approximately 30% and 70% of the low molecular weight fraction (Michalke, 2006). A study of iodine species in milk samples obtained from humans from several different European countries and in infant formulas from different manufacturers was carried out by Femandez-Sanchez and Szpunar (Fernandez-Sanchez Szpunar, 1999). The authors also developed a method to determine iodine in human milk and infant formulas using ICP-MS. In the human milk the values found were between 144 + 93.2 pg/ kg, whereas in the infant formulas the values were 53.3 + 19.5 (Fernandez-Sanchez et al., 2007). 

Determination Of Iodine In Human Milk And Infant Formulas. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, Vol.21, Supp.l, pp 10-13, ISSN 0946-672X Fischer, P.W.F., Labbe, M. R. Giroux, A. (1986). Colorimetric determination of total iodine in foods by iodide-catalyzed reduction of Ce+4. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., Vol.69, No.4, pp 687 - 689, ISSN 0004-5756... 

Straarup, EM Lauritzen, L Faerk, J Hoy, C-E Michaelsen, KF. The Stereospecific Triacylglycerol Structures and Fatty Acid Profiles of Human Milk and Infant Formulas. 

Human breast milk provides the optimal nutrition for infants. Breast milk is designed to provide a balanced diet and meet the needs of the growing infant. Approximately 50% of dietary calories from both human milk and infant formulas are supplied as fat. Human milk lipids consist of triacylglycerols (TG) (98%), phospholipids (0.8%), cholesterol (0.5%), and other lipid components (Giovannini et al. 1995). 

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