Infant formula thiamin

The UPLC-MS/MS method has also been developed for fast simultaneous separation and determination of 14 different water-soluble vitamins and vitamin-like compounds in infant formula (thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, pyridoxine, pyridoxal, biotin, fohc acid, cyanocobalamin, ascorbic acid, L-camitine, choline, and taurine) [91], Methotrexate was also used as an internal standard for riboflavin, cyanocobalamin, biotin, and folic acid, while nicotinamide was used as an internal standard for the other compounds. 

Recoveries 102% for thiamine and riboflavin from infant formula 101% for pyridoxine from infant formula. 

A standard reference material for infant formula has also been certified for vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, and pyridoxine (197). Another recent study (198) indicated that off-the-shelf wheat germ is suitable for use as a secondary reference material for thiamine and niacin riboflavin was also evaluated but found to be somewhat unstable over time. Powdered orange drink was deemed suitable as a secondary reference material for vitamin C. 

GW Chase, WO Landen, RR Eitenmiller, A-GM Soliman. Liquid chromatographic determination of thiamine, riboflavin, and pyridoxine in infant formula. J AOAC Int 75 561-565, 1992. 

Woollard, D.C. and Indyk-Harvey, E. Rapid determination of thiamine, riboflavin, pyri-doxine, and niacinamide in infant formulas by hquid chromatography. J. AOAC Int. 2002, 85,945-951. 

Infantile WE may be found in developing conntiies, primarily among breast-fed infants, nsnally in the second to fifth months of development. Wernicke s encephalopathy is very rare in developed nations. However, in 2003, Israel was faced with an epidemic of WE dne to a batch of defective soy-based vegetarian infant formula. WE was documented in 20 ont of an estimated 3500 infants who were fed the formula, later found to be deficient in thiamine (Kesler et al., 2005). 

AOAC 986.27 Thiamine in milk-based infant formula—fluorometric method Infant formula AOAC 1990d... 

The recently elaborated multivitamin methods for B vitamins assay using LC with MS/MS detection, micellar LC, LC-DAD/MS, LC/ESI-MS or LC-IDMS systems offer better sensitivity and selectivity, and can be potentially used for thiamine determination in fortified foods and infant formulas. These methods have potential to improve performance in the future. 

Assays of thiamine in food, fortified food, infant formulas and premixes are based on microbiological and chemical methods. 

AO AC, 1990d. Method 986.27. Thiamine in milk-based infant formula— fluorometric method Final action. In Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington VA, USA, pp. 1113-1114. 

The majority of breakfast cereals in the United States are fortified with PN, and additional PN is also added to infant formula products to ensure adequate vitamin Be supply to the infant. Gregory (100) reported an isocratic HPLC method for the determination of PN in breakfast cereals (Table 5). Other investigators attempted simultaneous determination of PN and other vitamins used in food fortification. Wehling and Wetzel used ion pair HPLC to separate pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamine from each other after acid extraction of the vitamins from cereals (101). Using a dual fluorescence detector setup, pyridoxine and riboflavin were monitored by the first detector. After the column eluate had passed the first detector, an alkaline ferricyanide solution was introduced, resulting in the formation of a fluorescent thiochrome derivative of thiamine, which was detected by the second fluorescence detector. A similar method for simultaneous determination of pyridoxine and riboflavin in infant formula products has also been described (102). 

Bi (thiamin). Infant formulas. HPLC-DAD-FL Spherisorb ODS-2 C18 column... 

Ayi, B., Yuhas, D., Moffett, K., Joyce, D., and Deangelis, N., Liquid chromatographic determination of thiamine in infant formula products by using ultraviolet detection, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 68(6), 1087-1092, 1985. 

Kesler, A., Stolovitch, C., Hoffmann, C., Avni, 1., and Morad, Y. (2005). Acute ophthalmoplegia and nystagmus in infants fed a thiamine-deficient formula an epidemic of Wernicke encephalopathy. J. Neuroophthalmol. 25 169-172. 

Fattal-Valevski, A., Kesler, A., Sela, B.A., Nitzan-Kaluski, D., Rotstein, M., Mesterman, R., Toledano-Alhadef, H., Stolovitch, C., Hoffmarm, C., Globus, O., and Eshel, G., 2005. Outbreak of life-threatening thiamine deficiency in infants in Israel caused by a defective soy-based formula. Pediatrics. 115 e233-238. 

MINERAL AND VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS. There is considerable controversy among nutritionists and pediatricians regarding the amounts and types of nutrient supplements that are required by infants, since breast-fed infants have long been given little or no supplementation. Furthermore, the need for supplementation depends upon a variety of factors such as (1) status of the infant at birth, since preterm or low birth weight infants have higher nutritional requirements to attain the rates of growth and development of normal infants (2) type of milk or formula used (3) affliction of the infant with diarrhea, fever, infection, and/or other stresses and (4) age at which supplemental foods are introduced. It is noteworthy that even breast milk is low in iron, copper, fluoride, vitamins A, D, and E, and biotin, folacin, niacin, thiamin, and vitamin B-6. Furthermore, diluted evaporated milk is notably inferior to breast milk with respect to the contents of iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin E, and vitamin C. Therefore, the need for nutrient supplements should be evaluated by a health professional who is familiar with the diet and the overall health status of the infant. 

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