Powdered infant formulas

Simmons,B. P. Gelfand,M. S. Haas, M. Metts,L. Ferguson, J. Enterobacter sakazakii infections in neonates associated with intrinsic contamination of a powdered infant formula. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 1989,10, 398-401. 

Vitamin K is traditionally extracted with solvents such as acetone or ethanol, followed by a sample clean-up, such as enzymatic hydrolysis [498,499], column chromatography [308], TEC [500,501], SPE [502,503], or a combination of them. Gao and Ackman [504] couple two different methods, an SPE purification, previously reported by Eerland and Sadowski [505], preceded by a modified enzymafic digestion from fhe original procedure of Bueno and Villalobos [506]. They observe fhaf SPE step is nol enough to purify the sample. Jacob and Elmadfa [507] report an extraction from food with different solvents (according to the type of food), the evaporation of these and re-dissolving in hexane to perform a simple LEE as the clean-up step using methanol/water. SFE has been successfully applied for phylloquinone extraction from powdered infant formulas [497]. 

In-container or UFIT-sterilized concentrated milks sweetened condensed milk Whole milk powders infant formulae dietary products... 

Foods are supplemented with vitamin A in the form of standardized preparations of synthetic fatty acyl esters, nowadays chiefly retinyl palmitate. The preparations are available commercially as either dilutions in high-quality vegetable oils containing added vitamin E as an antioxidant or as dry, stabilized beadlets in which the vitamin A is dispersed in a solid matrix of gelatin and sucrose or gum acacia and sucrose. The oily preparations are used to supplement fat-based foods such as margarines the dry preparations are used in dried food products such as milk powder, infant formulas, and dietetic foods (24). 

Phylloquinone has been extracted from powdered infant formula using supercritical carbon dioxide at 8000 psi and 60°C for 15 min (65). The extracted material was readily recovered by depressurization of the carbon dioxide across an adsorbent trap and then washed from the trap with a small volume of dichloromethane/acetone (1 + 1) to give a sample suitable for direct HPLC analysis. Trial experiments gave recoveries of 92% of phylloquinone from a Chro-mosorb W matrix. A similar technique was applied to the extraction of retinyl palmitate from cereal products (90). 

MA Schneiderman, AK Sharma, KRR Mahanama, DC Locke. Determination of vitamin K, in powdered infant formulas, using supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 71 815-817, 1988. 

Transmission of Salmonellosis occurs in the majority of cases by contaminated food. The most common sources are poultry, eggs, fruits, vegetables, dairy products and shellfish. Peanut butter has been also implicated in an outbreak of salmonellosis in the USA and powdered infant formula in two outbreaks with Salmonella enteric in infants in France. 

Concentration Whole milk powders infant formulae ... 

Determine the elements present in powdered infant formula by weighing a known amount of formula, dissolving the formula in deionized water and aspirating it into an ICP. Aqueous multielement standards can be used for calibration. Compare your results to the label. Compare your results from this dissolution procedure to a sample of formula you prepare by wet-ashing or dry-ashing. 

Determine the elements present in powdered infant formula by weighing a known amount of formula, dissolving the formula in DI water, and aspirating it into an ICP. Aqueous multielement standards can be used for calibration. Compare your results to the label. Compare your results from this dissolution procedure to a sample of formula you prepared by wet ashing or dry ashing. Determine the elements present in a multivitamin tablet prepared by digestion in concentrated nitric acid and dilution to a suitable volume in DI water. You may need to filter out a white insoluble powder (or allow it to settle) after digestion. Pharmaceutical tablets often contain silica or titania, which will not dissolve in nitric acid. Aqueous multielement standards in the same concentration of nitric acid should be used for calibration. 

After hydrolysis of triglycerides, denaturation (ethanol) and extraction (hexane) of milk samples are similar to those procedures used in preparation of plasma samples. EHie to high concentrations of coextracted lipophilic compounds, a semipreparative HPLC cleanup step often is used in these preparations. Indyk et al. (92) and Lambert et al. (99) used adsorption HPLC and hexane/isopropanol mixtures for cleanup and a reversed-phase HPLC for detection, whereas Isshiki et al. (94) used a Cig reversed-phase system with a methanol/acetonitrile mixture for cleanup and a C2 or C3 reversed phase for detection. Canfield et al. (95,96) worked with two open-column chromatography systems (silica) to isolate vitamin K compounds prior to HPLC detection, whereas Schneiderman et al. (98) introduced a completely different method for isolation of these compounds. They used supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 as solvent to determine VKl in powdered infant formulas. Details of this particular method will be discussed later in this chapter. 

The United Nations food standards body, Codex Alimentarius Commission, has set the maximum amount of melamine allowed in powdered infant formula to 1 mg/kg and the amount of the chemical allowed in other foods and animal feed to 2.5 mg/kg. The United States does not allow melamine to be used as a food additive. 

Used in baked goods (breads, cakes and cake mixes, cookies, crackers, snacks), pasta products, dairy-type products (beverage powders, coffee whiteners, whipped toppings), infant formulas, milk replacers for young animals, emulsified and coarsely ground meat items, meat analogues, hams, poultry breasts, dietary food items, and soup mixes and gravies. 

Exposures of Children. Data need to be developed to properly assess the exposure of infants who eat processed baby foods containing residues of pesticides such as endosulfan. Several studies have estimated exposure based on endosulfan concentration found in foods typically eaten by infants however, no studies that directly studied infant exposure could be located. Attention should also be given to infant formulas and to the tap water used to prepare infant formulas from condensed or powdered forms. More data are also required to properly assess endosulfan exposure to children who live, play, or attend school near farmlands that are treated with endosulfan. Maps that catalog endosulfan use on crops and present average application rates would better allow an assessment of the potential for children in farming communities to be exposed. The possibility that farming parents work clothes and shoes may carry endosulfan residues into the home also should be studied. In addition, home use of endosulfan, which may result in exposure of children, needs to be investigated. 

KNUDSEN J c, ANTANUSE H s, RisBO j and SKIBSTED L H (2002) Induction time and kinetics of crystallization of amorphous lactose, infant formula and whole milk powder as studied by isothermal differential scanning calorimetry, Milchwissenschaft, 57, 543-546. 

The concentrations of fluoride in ready-to-feed formulas in the United States and Canada range from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/L while the fluoride concentrations of powdered or liquid-concentrate infant formulas depend mainly on the concentration of fluoride in the water used to reconstitute the product [8], A study on the concentration of fluoride in infant formula reconstituted with water in Australia revealed concentrations from 0.031 to 0.532 mg/L of fluoride for formulas reconstituted with water not containing fluoride, 0.131 to 0.632 mg/L of fluoride for formulas reconstituted with water containing 0.1 mg/L of fluoride and 1.031 to 1.532 mg/L if formulas were reconstituted with water containing 1.1 mg/L of fluoride [124]. Concentrations of fluoride in 10 samples of powdered milk formulas in Brazil ranged from 0.01 to 0.75 mg/L for those prepared with deionized water, from 0.02 to 1.37 mg/L for those prepared with bottled mineral water containing... 

M. C. Yebra, A. Moreno-Cid, R. Cespon and S. Cancela, Preparation of a soluble solid sample by a continuous ultrasound assisted dissolution system for the flow-injection atomic absorption spectrometric determination of iron in milk powder and infant formula, Talanta, 62(2), 2004, 403 406. 

Prygonski, K., Jelen, H., and Wasowicz, E. 2000. Determination of cholesterol oxidation products in milk powder and infant formulas by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Nahrung 44 122-125. 

Indyk and Woollard (195) demonstrated that the removal of cholesterol from the un-saponifiable fraction of vitamin D-supplemented whole milk powder by methanolic precipitation and filtration was an adequate cleanup procedure, making semipreparative HPLC unnecessary. This simplified procedure was made possible by connecting two analytical columns in series. The tandem columns adequately separated vitamins D2 and D3 from one another and from vitamins A and E. The analysis of infant formulas (100) required cleanup by silica solid-phase extraction to remove the minor tocopherols and tocotrienols, which constituted potential sources of interference. 

H Indyk, DC Woollard. The determination of vitamin D in fortified milk powders and infant formulas by HPLC. J Micronutr Anal 1 121-141, 1985. 

JJ Bekhof, JW van den Bedem. Study on the determination of vitamin D in fortified milk, milk powder and infant formula by HPLC using a column switching technique. Neth Milk Dairy J 42 423-435, 1988. 

A standard reference material for infant formula has also been certified for vitamin C, riboflavin, niacin, and pyridoxine (197). Another recent study (198) indicated that off-the-shelf wheat germ is suitable for use as a secondary reference material for thiamine and niacin riboflavin was also evaluated but found to be somewhat unstable over time. Powdered orange drink was deemed suitable as a secondary reference material for vitamin C. 

Demineralization of UF whey retentate as compared to UF whey permeate is generally slowed down by salt and/or proteins that build up onto and in the membranes (Perez et al., 1994). Finally, in the case of skim milk the aim of the ED process is not only to reduce the overall ash content, but also to increase the calcium/phosphate ratio to about 0.77 in skim milk powder used in infant formula (Batchelder, 1987), this goal being much easily achievable by replacing the conventional membranes with selective ones (Andres et al., 1995). 

In Table 8.1, cow s milk, breast milk, and infant formulae are considered together under the entry Milk and infant formulae, irrespective of the actual liquid or powdered form of the samples analyzed in each single study, because all these items share a similar matrix and pose analogous analytical problems. Triton X-100 has been used to measure Pb isotope ratios in milk powder samples prepared as slurries [39]. Simple dilution of fresh milk in alkaline media (in order to prevent protein precipitation) has also been successfully applied by other authors [40], especially for I determination [41-43], even though in most studies milk and infant formulae are analyzed following full digestion. 

M. Burguera, J. L. Burguera, A. M. Garaboto, O. M. Alarcon, Determination of iron and copper in infant formula powdered milks by flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry, Quim. Anal, 6 (1987), 427-435. 

The bioassay was used to determine the bioavailability of zinc in milk-base and soy-base infant formulas (7). The results are shown in Figure 2 and Table 1. The low zinc basal diet contained (%) spray dried egg white powder, 20 com oil, 10 non-nutritive fibre, 3 starch, 25 biotin, 0.0004 vitamin mixture, 1 salt mixture, excluding zinc, 4 dextrose, 37. 

Kuo, H.W., Ding, W.H. Trace determination of bisphenol A and phytoestrogens in infant formula powders by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 1027, 67-74 (2004)... 

Figure 3.7. Continuous USASD of milk powder and infant formula prior to the FAAS determination of iron and zinc. C — coil, D — digestant, DC — digestion chamber, FAAS — flame atomic absorption spectrometer, IV— injection valve, PP—peristaltic pump, S / — switching valve, UB — ultrasonic bath and W — waste. (Reproduced with permission of Elsevier, Ref [11].)...

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