Small markets

Sheet mica is no longer mined in the United States because of high cost, small market, and high capital risk. Most sheet mica is mined in India. 

The world market for ch oline chloride used in animal feeds is estimated at 113,000 t on a 100% basis. The market for good grade ch oline chloride is a small market by comparison and is utilized mainly in the supplementation of infant formulas. Other ch oline salts are utilized solely in the human vitamin supplementation markets and are also small compared to animal feed usage. 

The distribution of powder coating sales by resin type for various geographical areas is given in Table 5. The polyester—epoxy hybrids account for 50% of the European market, yet have only market share <25% in the rest of the world. Similarly, the polyester urethanes, which account for only a small market share in Europe, find significant usage in the United States andjapan. AcryUcs hold a significant share only in the Japanese market. 

The energy-efficient heat pump is likely to achieve a small market share for at least its first few years after introduction. Similarly, other energy-efficient technologies, as well as iioneliergy related technologies, are likely to achieve a small market share after they enter the market. 

So far the economic feasibility of co-enzyme dependent biocatalyses is confined to relatively small market niches comprising products with high added value. 

Despite these interesting developments, it has been pointed out [11,517] that because of the relatively small market and the costs of registration and ecotoxicological testing, it is currently unlikely that novel agents designed specifically for wool could be marketed economically. Any further advances are likely to be spin-offs from agricultural pesticide developments. 

Passage of the first Orphan Drug Amendment to encourage development of drugs for small markets. 

The continued use of ABS in some small markets, for example the South East Asia region, despite the advantages offered by LAS in terms of performance characteristics such as foam generation and detergency [75,76], seems to be linked to political situations (oleochemical producer pressure) rather than to any other economical justification. 

The anti-CD20 cell-surface molecule was a candidate for NHL freafment, an incurable tumor. In 1991, NHL was considered a small market, with perhaps less than 200 million in anticipated sales per year. Because the expected market size was small, there was not a lot of competition from large pharmaceutical companies. In 1995, when IDEC had impressive clinical data showing safety and efficacy wifh Rifuxan, many large pharmaceutical... 

These plans envision assembling a portfolio of in-licensed drug candidates for which collective development risk is deemed to be relatively low. The idea is to in-license molecules that either are too specialized (small market potential) for large pharma or are not visible to their radar because they come from places like Eastern Europe. These stories are favorites of professional investors, because rNPVs can be calculated with relatively low development risk on the basis of demonstrated clinical utility and/or pipeline diversity. Examples include Dura Pharmaceuticals, who marketed prescription products that treat infectious and respiratory diseases, and Gilead who marketed antiviral nucleotides discovered in the Czech Republic. 

Hypothesis (5) Chemical innovation takes place not only in chemicals . The invention of snbstance applications and the sale of advantage instead of substances are also part of it. In addition, even extremely small market shares of products with an explicit environmental or health-related quality can indirectly become driving forces of improvement innovations in the entire market. This means that the real innovation processes in the domain of chemicals cannot be recorded adequately either solely by statistics relating to new substance registrations or solely by the classic instruments of market analysis. 

In hazardous substance substitution with a low level of iimovation (e.g. substitution of hazardous substances in one preparation for other substanees from the pool of existing substances and labelhng of produet as environmentally eompati-ble ), the market penetration of this alternative produet does not have to be a reliable indicator for the iimovation histoiy in this domain. Even with small market shares, the availability of a substitute may aet as a driving foree for improvement innovations for the initial produets in eaeh ease. 

By contrast, in countries with a small market size, domestic demand is likely to be insufficient to justify large private outlays for R D. Pharmaceutical companies and equity flows available to such companies appear to be attracted to countries in which there is a sizable domestic market or, at least, public policies are favorable to the sale of pharmaceutical products. Thus, smaller countries, which inevitably have smaller domestic markets, tend not to be as well positioned to attract pharmaceutical companies and investment. In addition, such countries are more vulnerable to shortages in the event of national emergencies, such as pandemics. For this reason, some form of government intervention may be required, including government subsidy, public investment in pharmaceutical research, and even direct public production. 

Jet fuel, burner kerosene, heating oil, and heavy marine fuel oils do not typically contain detergents. The widespread need for detergents to improve fuel performance in these applications has not yet developed. Although in some small markets, combustion catalysts and burner nozzle antifoulants are utilized. 

The problem of access to ship time is more difficult for commercial enterprises than for academic ocean scientists, the latter having some fraction of institutional ship time earmarked for their use. For specialized ocean instrumentation, which usually has a small market, the cost of development is prohibitive if ship time is paid for directly. As is the situation for development of instruments by academics, a large portion of the ship time... 

Silanes. Silanes and silane derivatives dominate the small market for inorganic binders. These materials are used both m combination with organic binders and by themselves. As co-binders, they increase the chemical and moisture resistance of a film, When used by themselves, they form brittle, very chemical-resistant films. Silane coatings are usually more expensive than their organic counterparts and must be kepi dry before application,... 

---