Data requirements

In order to assist the purchaser of the dryer, the equipment manufacturer will require certain data about the product to be dried and the operation around the dryer. 

One needs to have the answers to questions relating to the physical properties, characteristics and end use of the material to be dried as well as the liquid being removed. The following example is used to illustrate why such data is needed as a guide to select a dryer notice the terms which are italicized  

Example 1—Dry 100 lbs. ofwetcake with an/ /fto/ volatiles content ofl5%(wetbasis) dovmXodiflnalvolatilescontent of less than 1 %. This will be achieved in a batch operation for lot identification, GMP and high quality standards. The loose bulk density of the wet cake is 45 lbs../ft. and the loose bulk density of the diy powder is 12 Ibs./ft. The temperature limit of the product is 145°F and the feed material is wet with ethanol. The product is a pharmaceutical which will be a finished product. The solvent is to be recovered for reuse, and its physical properties can be found in a handbook of hydrocarbons. The product is freeflowing in the dry state, but very tacky and pasty in the wet state. 

We can see in the above example that there is a significant amount of information about the product to be dried. With more information available about the product, we can select the dryer such that it performs the necessary functions with a better and more efficient operation. Also, a possible benefit may be improved product quality. 

Final Volatiles in dried product = (Total solids) 

These will be explained in more detail in the following subsections  

The system description contains an analysis of the system with a description and a transparent presentation (e.g. flow charts see example in Fig. 6). 

I PA 6.6 Compound Fig. 6 Simplified cradle-to-gate system for a PA 6.6 Ctnnpound 

An important step in the system description is the definition of the functional 

Defining and documenting the fundamental procedures is important when conducting an LCA. That includes basic rules as well as specific issues. These could be, for example, the desired level of detail and depth or the choice of impact categories within the study. The application of cut-off criteria (for input and output flows) which allow the exclusion of insignificant contributions is to be described. If a system produces several products the input and output flows have to be allocated to each product. These allocation procedures must also be shown. 

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In Appendix 1, the reader will find the data required to calculate the properties of the most common hydrocarbons as well as those components that most frequently accompany them in refinery process streams. The data are grouped in seven categories ( ... 

Values for x , the film pressure of the adsorbed film of the vapor (of the liquid whose contact angle is measured), are scarce. Vapor phase adsorption data, required by Eq. X-13, cannot be obtained in this case by the usual volumetric method (see Chapter... 

A systematic comparison of two sets of data requires a numerical evaluation of their likeliness. TOF-SARS and SARIS produce one- and two-dhnensional data plots, respectively. Comparison of sunulated and experimental data is accomplished by calculating a one- or two-dimensional reliability (R) factor [33], respectively, based on the R-factors developed for FEED [34]. The R-factor between tire experimental and simulated data is minimized by means of a multiparameter simplex method [33]. 

A statistical analysis allows us to determine whether our results are significantly different from known values, or from values obtained by other analysts, by other methods of analysis, or for other samples. A f-test is used to compare mean values, and an F-test to compare precisions. Comparisons between two sets of data require an initial evaluation of whether the data... 

This parameter should also be extrapolated to C2 = 0, so the amount of experimental data required in this approach is not significantly less than in the method... 

FIFRA Sections 3 and 4 pertain to registration and reregistration of pesticides, with clearly defined data requirements as outlined in Tide 40 of the US. Code of federal Regulations (51). About 120 different studies are Hsted, most of which are to be done on technical-grade active ingredients (TGAIs). 

Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Data Requirements Subdivision D, Product Chemistry E, Ha ard Evaluation—Wildlife and Aquatic Organisms F, Ha ard Evaluation—Human and Domestic Animals G, Product Peformance H, Eabeling , Experimental Use Permits J, Ha ard Evaluation—Nontafget Plants K,... 

Hydroxides. Thorium (TV) is generally less resistant to hydrolysis than similarly sized lanthanides, and more resistant to hydrolysis than tetravalent ions of other early actinides, eg, U, Np, and Pu. Many of the thorium(IV) hydrolysis studies indicate stepwise hydrolysis to yield monomeric products of formula Th(OH) , where n is integral between 1 and 4, in addition to a number of polymeric species (40—43). More recent potentiometric titration studies indicate that only two of the monomeric species, Th(OH) " and thorium hydroxide [13825-36-0], Th(OH)4, are important in dilute (<10 M Th) solutions (43). However, in a Th02 [1314-20-1] solubiUty study, the best fit to the experimental data required inclusion of the species. Th(OH) 2 (44). In more concentrated (>10 Af) solutions, polynuclear species have been shown to exist. Eor example, a more recent model includes the dimers Th2(OH) " 2 the tetramers Th4(OH) " g and Th4(OH) 2 two hexamers, Th2(OH) " 4 and Th2(OH) " 2 (43). 

Japan. In Japan, registration of dmgs for aquatic species requires the same data as those required for dmgs on other animals. The Ministry of Agriculture, Eorests, and Eisheries and the Ministry of Welfare control the use of chemicals in aquaculture in Japan (17). The preclinical data requirements include product chemistry, toxicity (acute, subacute, special) using rats and mice, safety to target animals, and metaboHsm. The requirements for clinical data include avadabiHty and residues. As of July 1990, more chemicals were registered for aquacultural use in Japan than in any other country (Table 4). 

Design Procedures The procedures to be followed in specifying the principal dimensions of gas absorption and distillation equipment are described in this section and are supported by several worked-out examples. The experimental data required for executing the designs are keyed to appropriate references or to other sections of the handbook. 

Data on the gas-liquid or vapor-liquid equilibrium for the system at hand. If absorption, stripping, and distillation operations are considered equilibrium-limited processes, which is the usual approach, these data are critical for determining the maximum possible separation. In some cases, the operations are are considerea rate-based (see Sec. 13) but require knowledge of eqmlibrium at the phase interface. Other data required include physical properties such as viscosity and density and thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy. Section 2 deals with sources of such data. 

The conservation of mass law finds a major application during the performance of pollution-prevention assessments. As described earlier, a pollution-prevention assessment is a systematic, planned procedure with the objective of identifying methods to reduce or ehminate waste. The assessment process should characterize the selected waste streams and processes (Ref. 11)—a necessaiy ingredient if a material balance is to be performed. Some of the data required for the material balance calciilation may be collected during the first review of site-specific data however, in some instances, the information may not be collected until an actual site walk-through is performed. 

Types of Solid Wastes The term solid wastes is aU-inchisive and encompasses all sources, types of classifications, compositions, and properties. As a basis for subsequent discussions, it will be helpful to define the various types of solid wastes that are generated. It is important to note that the definitions of solid-waste terms and the classifications vary greatly in prac tice and in literature. Consequently, the use of published data requires considerable care, judgment, and common sense. The following definitions are intended to serve as a guide. 

Table A.4, taken from the CCPS Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Application to Process Design, shows the questions which need to be asked regarding the safety of the proposed reaction, the data required to answer those questions and some selected methods of investigation. The experimental analysis is extremely specialized, and companies should consider outsourcing the tests if they do not have specialists in this area.

The data required are the relative magnitudes of and ky. When both B—X and B—Y are present in the reaction system, they will be consumed at rates that are a function of their reactivity and concentration ... 

The following expressions can be used to estimate the temperature and enthalpy of steam. The expressions are based upon multiple regression analysis. The equation for temperature is accurate to within 1.5 % at 1,000 psia. The expression for latent heat is accurate to within + 3 % at 1,000 psia. Input data required to use these equations is the steam pressure in psia. The parameters in the equations are defined as t for temperature in F, for latent heat in Btu/lb, and P for pressure in psia. 

Collects, processes, displays, and reports air quality and meteorological data. Requires Data Genera Corp. MicroECLIPSE processor. 

Drawings and data requirements for proposals and purchase orders shall be in accordance with Specification MD-0-JJOO3. 

HFRO modules may be used for separating PVA from water. TTie data required for designing HFRO are given below. 

The nuclear equipment failure rate database has not changed markedly since the RSS and chemical process data contains information for non-chemical process equipment in a more benign environment. Uncertainty in the database results from the statistical sample, heterogeneity, incompleteness, and unrepresentative environment, operation, and maintenance. Some PSA.s use extensive studies of plant-specific data to augment the generic database by Bayesian methods and others do not. No standard guidance is available for when to use which and the improvement in accuracy that is achieved thereby. Improvements in the database and in the treatment of data requires, uhstaiui.il indu.sinal support but it is expensive. 

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