Requirements for industrial packages

A Type IP-1 package shall be designed to meet the requirements specified in paras 606-616 and 634, and, in addition, the requirements of paras 617-619 if carried by air. 

A package to be qualified as a Type IP-2 shall be designed to meet the requirements for Type IP-1 as specified in para. 621 and, in addition, if it were subjected to the tests specified in paras 722 and 723, it would prevent  

Tank containers may also be used as Type IP-2 or Type IP-3, provided that  

other than tank containers, may also be used as Type IP-2 or Type IP-3 for transporting LSA-1 and LSA-11 liquids and gases as prescribed in Table 4, provided that they conform to standards at least equivalent to those prescribed in para. 625. 

REQUIREMENTS FOR INDUSTRIAL PACKAGES Requirements for Industrial package Type 1 (Type IP-1) 

Pressure vessels with volumes less than 450 L for liquid contents and 1000 L for gaseous contents, and designed for a pressure of 265 kPa (see para. 625(b)), may provide an adequate level of safety and consequently may not need to be subjected to the Type IP tests. It is understood that all precautions specified by the relevant pressure vessel codes for the use of pressure vessels are taken into consideration and applied as appropriate. 

An example for this application is the pressure vessels used for the transport of uranium hexafluoride (UFg). These cylinders are designed for a pressure much higher than occurs under normal transport and service conditions. They are therefore inherently protected against mechanical loads. 

The ullage requirement (see para. 647) is not specified as a requirement for the Industrial packages. However, in the case of liquid contents, or solid contents snch as UFg which may become liquid in the event of heating, sufficient ullage should be provided, as referred to in para. 647, in order to prevent rupture of the containment. Such rupture may occur in the case of insufficient ullage, especially as a result of expansion of contents with temperature changes. 

Consideration of the release of contents from Type IP-2 packages imposes a containment function on the package for normal conditions of transport. Some simpMcalion in demonstrating no loss or dispersal of contents is possible owing to the rather immobile character of some LSA material and SCO contents and the limited specific activity and surface contaminalion. See also paras 646.2-646.5. 

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Alternative requirements for Industrial package Types 2 (Type IP-2) and 3 (Type IP-3)... 

In 1982, seven people died from consuming cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules. The incident resulted in a total product recall, massive negative pubHcity for the product, new requirements for safe packaging, and a federal statute making product tampering a crime (2). Since that time, the packaging industry has become visible to most consumers. This awareness has benefited the consumer by a reduction in loss of life due to consumption of adulterated products from tampering. Never before has an industry reacted so swiftly to resolve a problem. 

The CoE resolution on packaging inks is accompanied by a couple of technical documents (TDs). TD 1 provides the requirements for selecting packaging ink substances. It comprises a scheme, an inventory list of substances being used by the industry and an exclusion list. Substances that are evaluated by an international body are noted, and specific migration limits are given, if available. The purpose of TD 1 is to ensure that no substances that are harmful to human health, are transferred into the packed foodstuff. 

However, packaged boilers have a limited size range. Thus, field-erected boilers are stiU required for most large industrial and utiUty iastakations. 

Typically, for any given pressure, industrial packaged boilers operate at higher heat-flux rates than field-erected boilers, This requires that the package boiler FW quality should be substantially better (i.e., lower overall TDS and lower levels of silica and sodium). Appropriate MU water pretreatment may, for example, necessitate the use of twin bed and mixed bed demineralization ion exchange, or RO and mixed bed (in addition to mechanical deaeration and other processes). 

Aluminum is a metal which exists abundantly and widely in the earth and is commonly used in food packaging, antiperspirants, antiacid in digestion remedies, cosmetics and in beverages industries [2]. Aluminum sulfate is the most common aluminum-based coagulant used in purify water in many countries and it is found in most drinking water. WHO guidelines set its permissible level in drinking water at 200 ppb [3]. Upper levels can lead to serious problems such as Alzeheimer s disease. So, optimized preconcentration methods are required for the determination of trace amounts aluminum. 

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